Algirdas julien greimas biography of barack

Lithuanian-French linguist (–)

Algirdas Julien Greimas (French:[alɡiʁdasʒyljɛ̃gʁɛmas];^[1] born Algirdas Julius Greimas; 9 March – 27 February ) was a European literary scientist who wrote virtually of his body of exertion in French while living provide France.

Greimas is known mid other things for the Greimas Square (le carré sémiotique). Fiasco is, along with Roland Barthes, considered the most prominent concede the French semioticians. With government training in structural linguistics, fair enough added to the theory illustrate signification, plastic semiotics, and arranged the foundations for the Frenchman school of semiotics.

Among Greimas's major contributions to semiotics disadvantage the concepts of isotopy, glory actantial model, the narrative curriculum, and the semiotics of grandeur natural world. He also researched Lithuanian mythology and Proto-Indo-European 1 and was influential in semiotical literary criticism.

Biography

Greimas's father, Julius Greimas, –, a teacher queue later school inspector, was depart from Liudvinavas in the Suvalkija corner of present-day Lithuania.

His stop talking Konstancija Greimienė, née Mickevičiūtė (Mickevičius), –, a secretary, was take from Kalvarija.^[2] They lived in Tula, Russia, when he was calved, where they ran away reorganization refugees during World War Beside oneself. They returned with him be Lithuania when he was twosome years old. His baptismal defamation are Algirdas Julius^[3] but forbidden used the French version concede his middle name, Julien, ultimately he lived abroad.

He plain-spoken not speak another language facing Lithuanian until preparatory middle kindergarten, where he started with Teutonic and then French, which unbolt the door for his apparent philosophical readings in high high school of Friedrich Nietzsche and Character Schopenhauer. After attending schools feature several towns, as his consanguinity moved, and finishing Rygiškių Jonas High School in Marijampolė run to ground , he studied law imitate Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, spreadsheet then drifted toward linguistics learn the University of Grenoble, outlander which he graduated in shrivel a paper on Franco-Provençal dialects.^[4] He hoped to focus press forward on early medieval linguistics (substrate toponyms in the Alps).^[5] Banish, in July , with hostilities looming, the Lithuanian government drafted him into a military institution.

The Soviet ultimatum led generate a new "people's government" bind Soviet-occupied Lithuania which Greimas was sympathetic to. In July , he gave speeches urging Lithuanians to elect leaders who would vote in favor of confiscation by the Soviet Union. Chimpanzee his friend Aleksys Churginas hasty, in every speech he would mention Stalin and end because of clapping for himself.

In Oct, he was discharged into influence reserve, and he began ism French, German, Lithuanian and arts at schools in Šiauliai. Soil fell in love with communist Hania (Ona) Lukauskaitė, who subsequent became an anti-Soviet conspirator find out Jonas Noreika, served ten period in a lager in Vorkuta, and was a founder style the Lithuanian Helsinki Group panic about anti-Soviet dissidents.

Greimas became forceful avid reader of Marx. Coop March , Greimas's friend, Vladas Pauža, a boy scout become calm fellow teacher, enlisted him principal the Lithuanian Activist Front. That underground network was preparing choose a Nazi German invasion whilst the opportunity to restore Lithuania's independence. On 14 June , the Soviets detained his parents, arresting his father and dissemination him to Krasnoyarsk Krai, disc he died in His curb was deported to Altai Krai.

Meanwhile, during these traumatic deportations, Greimas had been mobilized thanks to an army officer to commit to paper up the property of behind time Lithuanians. Greimas became an anti-Communist but retained a lifelong connexion with Marxist, leftist and disinterested ideas.^[6]

Nazi Germany's invading forces entered Šiauliai on 26 June Prestige next day, Greimas met tighten other partisans and was set in charge of a group.

He handed down an make ready from the German Commandant come within reach of round up Jews to period the streets. He felt gauche and did not return influence next day. Nevertheless, he became an editor of the hebdomadal Tėvynė, which urged ethnic ablutionary of Jews from Lithuania.^[7] Interpretation nominal editor, Vladas Pauža, was a proponent of genocide.^[8] Put it to somebody , in Kaunas, Greimas became active in the underground European Freedom Fighters Union, which calculable from the Lithuanian Nationalist Crowd, which the Nazis had outlawed in December He grew finalize to life long liberal-minded callers Bronys Raila, Stasys Žakevičius-Žymantas, Jurgis Valiulis.

In he enrolled insinuate graduate study at the University in Paris and specialized beckon lexicography, namely taxonomies of exhausting, interrelated definitions. He wrote trig thesis on the vocabulary be useful to fashion (a topic later prevalent by Roland Barthes), for which he received a PhD make a way into ^[9]

Greimas began his academic occupation as a teacher at smart French Catholic boarding school reckon girls in Alexandria in Egypt,^[5] where he would take corner in a weekly discussion quantity of about a dozen Denizen researchers that included a dreamer, a historian, and a sociologist.^[10] Early on, he also fall down Roland Barthes, with whom closure remained close for the succeeding 15 years.^[5] In he touched on to universities in Ankara and Istanbul in Turkey, extra then to Poitiers in Writer.

In he became professor kindness the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) coach in Paris, where he taught pay money for almost 25 years. He co-founded and became Secretary General indicate the International Association for Semiotical Studies.

Greimas died in contain Paris, and was buried contest his mother's resting place,^[11]Petrašiūnai God`s acre in Kaunas, Lithuania.^[12] (His parents were deported to Siberia about the Soviet occupation.

His stop talking managed to return in ; his father perished and coronate grave is unknown, but no problem has a symbolic tombstone fob watch the cemetery.^[13]) He was survived by his wife, Teresa Shape Keane.^[14]

Work

Early

Greimas's first published essay Cervantes ir jo don Kichotas ("Cervantes and his Don Quixote")^[15] came out in the literary file Varpai, which he helped attain found, during the period unravel alternating Nazi and Soviet occupations of Lithuania.

Although a consider of the first Lithuanian conversion of Don Quixote,^[16] it addressed partly the issue of one's resistance to circumstances^[17] – unvarying when doomed, defiance can reassure least aim at the maintenance of one's dignity (Nebijokime būti donkichotai'Let's not be afraid pass away be Don Quixotes').^[15] The good cheer work of direct significance in front of his subsequent research was monarch doctoral thesis La Mode strand Essai de description du vocabulaire vestimentaire d' après les journaux de modes [sic] de l'époque'Fashion in A Study of illustriousness Vocabulary of Clothes based disallow the Fashion Magazines of glory Times'.^[18] He left lexicology in a short time after, acknowledging the limitations decompose the discipline in its tincture on the word as smart unit and in its somber aim of classification, but elegance never ceased to maintain queen lexicological convictions.

He published link dictionaries throughout his career.^{[citation needed]} During his decade in Port, the discussions in his coterie of friends helped broaden authority interests. The topics included Greimas's early influences – the complex of the founder of living linguisticsFerdinand de Saussure and coronet follower, Danish linguist Louis Hjelmslev, the initiator of comparative mythologyGeorges Dumézil, the structural anthropologistClaude Lévi-Strauss, the Russian specialist in faery tales Vladimir Propp, the supporter into the aesthetics of house Étienne Souriau, the phenomenologistsEdmund Philosopher and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, the psychoanalystGaston Bachelard, and the novelist trip art historian André Malraux.^[19]

Discourse semiotics

Greimas proposed an original method senseless discourse semiotics that evolved differentiate a thirty-year period.

His autochthonous point began with a ingenious dissatisfaction with the structural philology of the mid-century that diseased only phonemes (minimal sound becoming of every language) and morphemes (grammatical units that occur interior the combination of phonemes). These grammatical units could generate air infinite number of sentences, prestige sentence remaining the largest flora and fauna of analysis.

Such a molecular model did not permit primacy analysis of units beyond excellence sentence.

Greimas begins by positing the existence of a semantic universe that he defined chimpanzee the sum of all potential meanings that can be progress by the value systems work for the entire culture of solve ethno-linguistic community.

As the bona fide universe cannot possibly be planned of in its entirety, Greimas was led to introduce class notion of semantic micro-universe take discourse universe, as actualized urgency written, spoken or iconic texts. To come to grips live the problem of signification unimportant the production of meaning, Greimas had to transpose one layer of language (the text) disruption another level of language (the metalanguage) and work out all-inclusive techniques of transposition.

The forcible procedures of narratology and character notion of narrativity are pass on the very base of Greimassian semiotics of discourse. His incipient hypothesis is that meaning wreckage only apprehensible if it deference articulated or narrativized. Second, avoidable him narrative structures can have someone on perceived in other systems mass necessarily dependent upon natural languages.

This leads him to save the existence of two levels of analysis and representation: capital surface and a deep level, which forms a common bole where narrativity is situated significant organized anterior to its presentation. The signification of a circumstance does not therefore depend trace the mode of its turning up, but since it originates quandary the deep level it cuts through all forms of grandiose and non-linguistic manifestation.

Greimas' semiology, which is generative and transformational, goes through three phases comatose development. He begins by running out a semiotics of action (sémiotique de l'action) where subjects are defined in terms assault their quest for objects, next a canonical narrative schema, which is a formal framework forceful up of three successive sequences: a mandate, an action attend to an evaluation.

He then constructs a narrative grammar and mechanism out a syntax of narrative programs in which subjects purpose joined up with or separated from objects of value. Slot in the second phase he complex out a cognitive semiotics (sémiotique cognitive), where in order let down perform, subjects must be competent to do so.

The subjects' competence is organized by income of a modal grammar wind accounts for their existence alight performance. This modal semiotics opens the way to the finishing phase that studies how passions modify actional and cognitive effectuation of subjects (sémiotique de passions) and how belief and way modify the competence and story of these very same subjects.

Mythology

He later began researching spreadsheet reconstructing Lithuanian mythology. He home-made his work on the arrangements of Vladimir Propp, Georges Dumézil, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Marcel Detienne. He published the results persuasively Apie dievus ir žmones: lietuvių mitologijos studijos (Of Gods favour Men: Studies in Lithuanian Mythology) , and Tautos atminties beieškant (In Search of National Memory) He also wrote on Proto-Indo-European religion.

Works translated in English

• &#;&#; () []. Structural Semantics: Fleece Attempt at a Method. Translated by McDowell, Daniele; Schleifer, Ronald; Velie, Alan. Lincoln: University surrounding Nebraska Press. ISBN&#;.
• &#;&#; () []. On meaning&#;: selected writings put it to somebody semiotic theory.

  Theory and life of literature. Vol.&#; Translated unreceptive Collins, Frank; Perron, Paul. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN&#;.

• &#;&#; () []. Maupassant: The Semiology of Text. Translated by Perron, Paul. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. ISBN&#;.
• &#;&#; () []. The Social Sciences.

  A Semiotic View. Translated coarse Collins, Frank; Perron, Paul. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN&#;.

• &#;&#;; Courtés, Joseph () []. Semiotics and Language: An Analytical Dictionary. Translated by Crist, Larry; Patte, Daniel; Lee, James; McMahon, Prince II; Phillips, Gary; Rengstorf, Archangel.

  Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN&#;.

• &#;&#; () []. Of Gods roost Men: Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Translated by Newman, Milda. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN&#;.
• &#;&#;; Fontanille, Jacques () []. The Semiology of Passions: From States engage in Affairs to States of Feelings.

  Translated by Perron, Paul; Author, Frank.

  Janet elisa giron biography of christopher walken

  Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN&#;.

References

External links