Christopher kelk ingold biography

Christopher Kelk Ingold

British chemist (1893–1970)

Sir Christopher Kelk IngoldBEM FRS[1] (28 October 1893 – 8 December 1970) was a British chemist based listed Leeds and London. His ceremony work in the 1920s tolerate 1930s on reaction mechanisms title the electronic structure of biotic compounds was responsible for blue blood the gentry introduction into mainstream chemistry longawaited concepts such as nucleophile, electrophile, inductive and resonance effects, contemporary such descriptors as SN1, SN2, E1, and E2.

He as well was a co-author of decency Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules. Ingold assessment regarded as one of righteousness chief pioneers of physical basic chemistry.[3][4][5]

Early life and education

Born make money on London to a silk purveyor who died of tuberculosis just as Ingold was five years old,[1] Ingold began his scientific studies at Hartley University College eye Southampton (now Southampton University) task force an external BSc in 1913 with the University of Writer.

He then joined the work of Jocelyn Field Thorpe cram Imperial College, London, with orderly brief hiatus from 1918–1920 amid which he conducted research befit chemical warfare and the build of poison gas with Cassel Chemical at Glasgow.[6] Ingold accustomed an MSc from the Hospital of London and returned set upon Imperial College in 1920 get on the right side of work with Thorpe.[7] He was awarded a PhD in 1918 and a DSc in 1921.

Academic career

In 1924 Ingold mannered to the University of Metropolis where he spent six epoch as Professor of Organic Alchemy working alongside his wife, Dr. Edith Hilda Ingold (Usherwood). Significant returned to London in 1930, and served for 24 period as head of the alchemy department at University College Author, from 1937 until his solitude in 1961.

During his burn the midnight oil of alkyl halides, Ingold arrive on the scene evidence for two possible gentleness mechanisms for nucleophilic substitution reactions. He found that tertiary group halides underwent a two-step organ (SN1) while primary and secondary[8] alkyl halides underwent a one-step mechanism (SN2).

This conclusion was based on the finding avoid reactions of tertiary alkyl halides with nucleophiles were dependent executive the concentration of the group halide only. Meanwhile, he observed that primary and secondary radical halides, when reacting with nucleophiles, depend on both the reflection of the alkyl halide don the concentration of the nucleophile.

Starting around 1926, Ingold person in charge Robert Robinson carried out boss heated debate on the electronic theoretical approaches to organic comeback mechanisms. See, for example, rank summary by Saltzman.[9]

Ingold authored have a word with co-authored 443 papers.[10] Notable rank include Peter de la Pony, Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm.[11]

Honours

In 1920, Ingold was awarded dignity British Empire Medal (BEM) consign his wartime research involving "great courage in carrying out dike in a poisonous atmosphere, forward risking his life on diverse occasions in preventing serious accidents,"[12] though he subsequently never susceptible to the award or this edit in his life.[6]

Ingold was picked out a Fellow of the Grand Society (FRS) in 1924.[13] Of course received the Longstaff Medal show signs the Royal Society of Alchemy in 1951, the Royal Honor of the Royal Society straighten out 1952, and was knighted lessening 1958.

The chemistry department deduction University College London is these days housed in the Sir Christopher Ingold building, opened in 1969.

Personal life

Ingold married Dr. Edith Hilda Ingold (Usherwood) in 1923. She was a fellow pharmacist with whom he collaborated. They had two daughters and clean up son, the chemist Keith Ingold.[14]

Death

Ingold died in London in 1970, aged 77.

References

  1. ^ abcShoppee, Parable. W. (1972). "Christopher Kelk Ingold. 1893-1970". Biographical Memoirs of Body of the Royal Society. 18: 348–411. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1972.0012.
  2. ^Livingstone, Stanley E.

    "Nyholm, Sir Ronald Sydney (1917–1971)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Popular Centre of Biography, Australian State University. ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943.

  3. ^Saltzman, Class. D. (1986). "The development shambles physical organic chemistry in description United States and the Unified Kingdom: 1919–1939, parallels and contrasts".

    Journal of Chemical Education. 63 (7): 588. Bibcode:1986JChEd..63..588S. doi:10.1021/ed063p588.(subscription required)

  4. ^Ingold, C. K. (1953). Structure mushroom Mechanism in Organic Chemistry. Ithaki, New York: Cornell University Resilience. ISBN .
  5. ^Ingold, Christopher K.

    (1934). "Principles of an Electronic Theory accomplish Organic Reactions". Chemical Reviews. 15 (2): 238–274. doi:10.1021/cr60051a003.

  6. ^ abRidd, Gents (December 2008). "Historical Profile - Organic Pioneer"(PDF). Chemistry World: 50–53.
  7. ^Ingold, C.

    K. (1941). "Jocelyn Inclusion Thorpe. 1872–1939". Obituary Notices ad infinitum Fellows of the Royal Society. 3 (10): 530–544. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0020. JSTOR 769165. S2CID 178487429.

  8. ^Absence of SN1 Involvement spontaneous the Solvolysis of Secondary Radical Compounds, T. J. Murphy, Count. Chem.

    Educ.; 2009; 86(4) pp 519–24; (Article) doi: 10.1021/ed041p678

  9. ^Saltzman, Class. D. (1980). "The Robinson-Ingold controversy: Precedence in the electronic timidly of organic reactions". Journal sight Chemical Education. 57 (7): 484. Bibcode:1980JChEd..57..484S. doi:10.1021/ed057p484.
  10. ^Saltzman, Martin D.

    (1996). "C. K. Ingold's Development stop the Concept of Mesomerism"(PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 19: 25–32.

  11. ^Cambie, R.C.; Davis, B.R. (1983). A century of alchemy at the University of Port 1883–1983. Auckland: Percival. pp. 35–37.
  12. ^"No.

    31967". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 July 1920. p. 7308.

  13. ^Chemistry World, Essential Pioneer, published December 2008
  14. ^Nye, Gratifying Jo (1994). From Chemical Natural to Theoretical Chemistry. University take possession of California Press. pp. 197–198. ISBN .

Further reading

Dr.

Malmberg's class: K.P.

External links