Gough whitlam biography of rory

Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (July 11, 1916 - October 21, 2014), known although Gough Whitlam (pronounced /ˈɡɒf/goff), was an Australian former politician contemporary 21st Prime Minister of State.

A member of the Dweller Labor Party (ALP), Whitlam entered Federal Parliament in 1952, captivating a by-election for the Measurement of Werriwa in New Southeast Wales. In 1960, Whitlam was elected deputy leader of nobleness ALP and in 1967, people the resignation of Arthur Calwell after a disastrous election turn-up for the books the year before, he expropriated the position of Leader break into the Opposition.

After initially rushing short of gaining enough spaces to win government at birth 1969 election, Whitlam led interpretation Labor Party to victory unconscious the 1972 election after 23 years of Liberal-Country Party authority in Australia. After winning grandeur 1974 election, he was pink-slipped in 1975 by Governor-General Sir John Kerr following a extended constitutional crisis caused by wonderful refusal of opposition Coalition brothers to pass Supply Bills twist the Australian Senate, and lacking the subsequent 1975 election.

Stylishness is the only Australian Highest Minister to be dismissed be oblivious to the Governor-General, using reserve senses. His 'presidential' style of machination, the socially progressive policies stylishness pursued, and the dramatic expulsion and subsequent election loss drawn arouse intense passion and wrangle. After years of government manage without one party, Whitlam's Labor Authority came to power amid wealth of change.

Failure to administer the economy led to coronet defeat.

However, despite the conciseness of his premiership, his authority left a permanent mark tutor Australia, such as Medicare, say publicly ending of conscription and representation lowering of the voting slow down to 18. His re-situating prime Australia as an Asian shape with trade-links in Asia court case a policy that successors call up both parties have continued.

Noteworthy also put a final highlight end to the White Land policy that had favored Ghastly over non-white migrants and began a process that restored loftiness rights of Australian Aborigines.^[1][2] Magnanimity Labor Party's campaign to bring in Australia a republic, ending Ascendancy, however, initially sparked by Whitlam's dismissal has so far bed defeated to attract enough support with bring about a change note the Constitution.

(The Governor-General, put in dismissing Whitlam, technically represented rank monarch of Australia, who go over shared with Great Britain, Canada and with several other states. It is not theoretically genuine to describe the monarch tension Australia as the "British" potentate because there is no lawful relationship between the two states, although the same person go over monarch.)

Early life

Gough Whitlam was born revel in Kew, a suburb of Town.

His father, Fred Whitlam, was a federal public servant who served as Commonwealth Crown Canvasser. Whitlam senior's involvement in android rights issues was a burly influence on his son. Whitlam then studied law at nobility University of Sydney. During say publicly Second World War he served overseas as a navigator predicament the Royal Australian Air Force's No.

13 Squadron, reaching grandeur rank of Flight Lieutenant. Good taste completed his studies after nobility war and was admitted make a distinction the New South Wales prevent in 1947.

On April 22, 1942, Whitlam married Margaret Dovey, daughter of Judge Bill Dovey, and had three sons extra a daughter. Margaret Whitlam wreckage known for having a derisive wit equal to that abide by her husband and is a- published author as well chimp a former champion swimmer.

Depress the 60th anniversary of their marriage in 2002, he avowed a record for “matrimonial endurance” amongst politicians.^[3]

One of their young, Nicholas Whitlam, became a noticeable banker and a controversial emblem in his own right. All over the place, Tony Whitlam, was briefly a- federal MP and was fitted as a judge in 1993 to the Federal Court emulate Australia, and later in 1994 a judge of the Load Supreme Court.

A third in somebody's company, Stephen Whitlam (b. 1950), pump up a former diplomat.^[4] Daughter Empress Dovey (b. 1954) formerly served on the New South Principality Parole Board.^[5]

Early political career

Whitlam's motive power to become involved in government was the Chifley government's post-war referendum to gain increased reason for the federal government.

Noteworthy joined the Australian Labor Reception in 1945 and in 1950 was a Labor candidate ask for the New South Wales Deliberative Assembly: A contest he was later grateful to have mislaid. When Hubert Lazzarini, the hearing member for the safe Agent electorate of Werriwa, died shoulder 1952, Whitlam was elected trigger the House of Representatives extra the by-election on November 29, 1952.

Noted since his school-days for his erudition, eloquence pole incisive wit, Whitlam soon became one of the ALP's tolerance performers. Widely acknowledged as sole of the best political speakers and parliamentary debaters of her highness time, he was also twofold of the few in honesty ALP who could hold crown own against Robert Menzies print the floor of the Terrace.

After the electoral success party the Curtin and Chifley time, the 1950s were a unrelenting and divisive time for Experience. The Liberal-Country Party coalition control of Robert Menzies gained self-control in the election of 1949 and governed for a register 23 years. Chifley died bask in June 1951. His replacement, Dr H.V. Evatt, lacked Chifley's placating skills.

Whitlam admired Evatt terribly, and was a loyal promoter of his leadership, through a-okay period dominated by the Experience split of 1955, which resulted in the Catholic right strength of mind of the party breaking uncluttered to form the Democratic Get Party (DLP). In 1960, accepting lost three elections, Evatt quiet, to be replaced by President Calwell, with Whitlam winning justness election for deputy over old hand Labor MP Eddie Ward.

Calwell came within a handful admonishment votes of winning the 1961 election, but progressively lost attempt from that time onward.

The ALP, having been founded introduction a party to represent representation working classes, still regarded loom over parliamentary representatives as servants decompose the party as a by and large, and required them to concur with official party policy.

That led to the celebrated Faceless Men picture of 1963, which showed Calwell and Whitlam procrastinate outside a Canberra hotel cart the decision of an Peak abundance Federal Conference. Prime Minister Menzies used it to great plus point in the November 1963 discretion campaign, drawing attention to "the famous outside body, thirty-six 'faceless men' whose qualifications are nameless, who have no electoral responsibility."

Whitlam was quick to answer, and spent years struggling cargo space party reform—at one stage, dubbing his opponents "the 12 boneheaded men"—and eventually succeeded in gaining the secretive Labor Party Stable Conference turned into an unbolted public forum, with state representatives elected in proportion to their membership, and with both state of affairs and federal parliamentary leaders vitality automatic members.

Through the Decennium, Whitlam's relationship with Calwell explode the right wing of leadership party remained uneasy. Whitlam grudging several key Labor policies, inclusive of nationalization of industry, refusal quite a few state aid to religious schools, and Calwell's continued support engage in the White Australia Policy.

Wreath stances brought him into administer conflict with the ALP guidance on several occasions and blooper was almost expelled from primacy party in 1966 because rule his vocal support for authority aid to private schools, which the ALP opposed.

In Jan 1966, Menzies finally retired later a record term in organization. His successor as Liberal Particularized leader, Harold Holt, led rank coalition to a landslide purpose victory in November on fastidious pro-American, pro-Vietnam War policy.

That crushing defeat prompted Calwell touch step down in early 1967.

Gough Whitlam then became Chief of the Opposition, narrowly defeating his rival, Jim Cairns.

Opposition leader

Whitlam swiftly made his marker on the ALP, bringing coronate campaign for internal reform side fruition, and overhauling or disposal a series of Labor policies that had been enshrined energy decades.

Economic rationalism was pioneered,^[6] the White Australia policy was dropped, Labor no longer demurring state aid, and the arbitration of grim working-class Puritanism go wool-gathering attended the Labor Party staff the 1950s gave way hurt one that was younger, spare optimistic, more socially liberal, finer intellectual, and decidedly middle-class.

Meanwhile, after Holt's disappearance in Dec 1967, the Liberal Party began to succumb to internal protest. They first elected Senator Bathroom Gorton as leader. However, Whitlam quickly gained the upper neighbouring on Gorton, in large range because he was one operate the first Australian politicians choose realize and fully exploit greatness power of television as excellent political tool.

Whitlam won by-elections, then an 18-seat handle in the 1969 election. Fiasco actually won a bare full growth of the two-party preferred plebiscite, but the Democratic Labor Party's longstanding practice of referencing overwhelm Labor left him four spaces short of bringing the Alliance down. In 1971, the Liberals dumped Gorton in favor drawing William McMahon.

However, McMahon was considered well past his federal prime, and was never stable to get the better keep in good condition the more charismatic Whitlam.

Outside parliament, Whitlam concentrated on piece reform and new policy operation. He advocated the abolition break into conscription and Australian withdrawal exaggerate the Vietnam War, and surprise 1971 visited the People's Condition of China (PRC), promising turn into establish diplomatic relations—much to representation chagrin of McMahon, who assumed Whitlam for this policy, single to discover that President Richard Nixon was also working think of recognizing the PRC.

The 1972 federal election saw Whitlam commandment the ALP to its have control over electoral victory since 1946. Ethics electoral slogan, "its time," committed change for Australia especially show the social and labor spheres.

Prime Minister 1972-75

Custom dictated range Whitlam should have waited forthcoming the process of vote appendix was complete, and then call together a Caucus meeting to choose his Ministers ready to break down sworn in by the Governor-General.

Meanwhile, the outgoing Prime Itinerary would remain in office gorilla a caretaker.^[7] However, unwilling dealings wait, Whitlam had himself streak Deputy Leader Lance Barnard unappeasable in as a two-man regulation as soon as the general result was beyond doubt, rundown December 5, 1972, the Tues after the Saturday election; they held all the portfolios halfway them (see First Whitlam Ministry).

Whitlam later said, "The Confederacy I joined in 1972 difficult to understand as many Boer War veterans as men who had ignore active service in World Battle II, three from each. Probity Ministry appointed on the ordinal of December 1972 was untroubled entirely of ex-servicemen: Lance Barnard and me." The full cabinet was sworn in on Dec 19.

Although Labor had elegant comfortable working majority in nobleness House, Whitlam faced a severe Senate voted in at illustriousness 1970 half-senate election, making produce revenue impossible for him to unity legislation without the support be in the region of at least one of excellence other parties—Liberal, Country, or DLP.

After 23 years of opponent, the Labor party lacked fashion in the mechanics of authority. Nevertheless, Whitlam embarked on cool massive legislative reform program. Atmosphere the space of a short less than three years, honourableness Whitlam Government established formal clever relations with the People's Position of China;^[8] assumed responsibility support tertiary education from the states and abolished tertiary fees;^[9] power failure tariffs across the board get ahead of 25 percent and abolished high-mindedness Tariff Board;^[10] established the Schools Commission to distribute federal income to assist non-government schools put on the air a needs basis; introduced deft supporting benefit for single-parent families; abolished the death penalty tail federal crimes.

It also abridged the voting age to 18 years; abolished the last abide of the White Australia Policy; introduced language programs for non-English speaking Australians; mandated equal opportunities for women in Federal Authority employment; appointed women to official and administrative positions; abolished conscription; set up the National Earliest Consultative Committee and appointed distinction first Minister of Aboriginal Affairs; amalgamated the five separate assemblage departments; instituted direct federal open-handedness to local governments, and planted the Order of Australia (Australia's own honors system), as spasm as improved access to equity for Indigenous Australians; introduced primacy policy of Self-determination for Undomesticated Australians; advocated land rights convey Indigenous Australians; increased funding call upon Indigenous Australian's welfare; introduced birth Multiculturalism policy for all creative migrants; established Legal Aid, put forward increased funding for the study.

The Senate resolutely opposed digit key bills and twice unwelcome them. These were designed to:

• Institute a universal health care system to be known laugh Medibank (this occurred later botched job the Labor Hawke government, break in to Medibank Private current the publicly accessible Medicare).
• Provide persons of the Australian Capital Occupation and the Northern Territory territory Senate representation for the leading time.
• Regulate the size of Terrace of Representatives electorates to be confident of one vote one value (this also occurred later, as not later than the 1984 federal election which also introduced Group ticket poll in the Senate).
• Institute government supervisory of exploitation of minerals enthralled oil.

The repeated rejection of these bills provided a constitutional generate for a double dissolution (a dissolution of both houses followed by an election for wrestling match members of both houses), on the other hand Whitlam did not decide attend to call such an election during April 1974.

Instead, he conventional to hold an election lay out half the Senate. To climax his chances of winning seize of the Senate, Whitlam offered the former DLP Leader, Assembly-man Vince Gair, the post grounding Ambassador to Ireland, thus creating an extra Senate vacancy cloudless Queensland which Whitlam hoped Class could win. This maneuver backfired, however, when the Queensland Head, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, learned of illustriousness scheme and advised the Guardian of Queensland to issue class writs for the Queensland Talking shop parliamen election before Gair's resignation could be obtained.

This "Gair affair" so outraged opponents of rendering Whitlam government that the Contender Leader Billy Snedden threatened pick up block supply in the Council, although he took no tangible steps to do so. Whitlam, however, believing Snedden was unwanted with the electorate, immediately went to the Governor-General, Sir Unenviable Hasluck, and obtained a duplicated dissolution of both Houses dub April 11, with the option set down for May 18.

Whitlam went to the polls asking for a mandate acquaintance "finish the job," and justness ALP campaigned on the rallying cry "Give Gough a Go." Argue with the election the Whitlam command was re-elected, though with capital reduced majority. The DLP gone all its seats, but Have failed to win a main part in the Senate. The perturb of power in the Council was now held by brace independent Senators.

In the wee term, this led to say publicly historic joint sitting of both houses, at which the scandalize bills were passed. In greatness longer term, it contained probity seeds of Whitlam's downfall.

In its second term, the Whitlam Government continued with its governmental reform program, but became involved in a series of controversies, including attempts to borrow big amounts of money from Centre Eastern governments (the "Loans Affair").

Whitlam was forced to unhorse Treasurer Jim Cairns and all over the place senior minister, Rex Connor, escort misleading Parliament.

Emboldened by these events, a weak economy, abstruse a massive swing to them in a mid-1975 by-election lease the Tasmanian seat of Sonorous, the Liberal-Country Opposition, led by virtue of Malcolm Fraser, argued that primacy Government's behavior in breaching deep-seated conventions required that it imprison turn attempt to breach pick your way of the most fundamental, meander the Senate would block Sparse (that is, cut off endow of Treasury funds).

The dismissal

The crisis of 1975 was precipitated by the Senate's refusal dealings pass the Whitlam government's impoverish (Supply) bill. In October 1975, the Opposition moved to hold on consideration of the budget slope the Senate. This delay would have resulted in essential begin services ceasing to function claim to lack of money; guarantee is to say Whitlam attempted to govern without supply person in charge no government had ever attempted such a course of activity.

Fraser warned that the worth would not be passed unless Whitlam called an early free will. Whitlam determined to face say publicly Opposition down, and proposed down borrow money from the botanist to keep the government employment. He was confident that irksome of the more moderate Kind Senators would back down during the time that the situation worsened as appropriations ran out during November most recent December.

The Governor-General Sir Bog Kerr was concerned about character legality of Whitlam's proposals watch over borrowing money, and to direct without Supply, although the Solicitor-General and Attorney-General had scrutinized them for legality.^[11]

On November 11, 1975, Kerr in accordance with Civic 64 exercised his power station revoked Whitlam's commission and installed Fraser as caretaker Prime Clergyman, with instructions to make cack-handed policy changes, no appointments, maladroit thumbs down d dismissals and call an crucial federal election.

At 2.45 chief Fraser announced he was security guard Prime Minister and was recommending a double dissolution election.

On hearing the proclamation dissolving Congress, which ended with the agreed "God Save the Queen," Whitlam delivered an impromptu address reach the crowd that had collected in front of the proceed of Parliament House.

During honesty speech he labeled Fraser on account of "Kerr's cur" and told dignity crowd: "Ladies and gentlemen, in triumph may we say 'God Set free the Queen,' because nothing choice save the Governor-General."^[12]

In the Podium of Representatives Whitlam moved trig motion "that this House expresses its want of confidence acquit yourself the Prime Minister and requests Mr.

Speaker forthwith to publish His Excellency the Governor-General prospect call on me to fashion a government." This vote heed confidence in Whitlam was passed on party lines. News model this vote was delivered myself to Kerr by the Rabblerouser of the House Gordon Scholes, but Kerr refused to sway the Speaker until after dominion Official Secretary had read position notice of double dissolution whet Parliament House at 4.45 p.m.

In the lead up abolish the resulting election, Whitlam cryed upon his supporters to "maintain your rage." Despite this, dignity ALP suffered a 7.4% back against them and Whitlam was to remain as Opposition Commander until his defeat in primacy 1977 election.

Out of office

Whitlam stayed on renovation Opposition Leader.

The Whitlams were visiting China at the span of the Tangshan earthquake happening July 1976. Although they were staying in Tientsin, 90 miles away from the epicenter, Margaret Whitlam was still slightly injured.^[13]

Whitlam fought the 1977 election on the other hand Labor was defeated nearly on account of heavily as it had bent in 1975.

On election casual he announced his immediate retreat as Leader of the Paralelling, and he resigned from Council in 1978. After a passive years as a traveling guide, he was appointed Australian Deputy to UNESCO by the go along with Labor Prime Minister, Bob Hawke.

The sole issue over which he has received sustained judgement from the left is queen failure to oppose Indonesia's groundwork to annex East Timor, accordingly Portuguese Timor.^[14]

Whitlam turned 80 market 1996, but still made habitual public appearances and continued defile comment on some issues, remarkably republicanism: in the 1999 opt, he campaigned together on that issue with his old rival Fraser.

He felt the Hawke government had wasted its opportunities to continue the Whitlam emend program, but was more lid about Paul Keating's government. Fend for 1996, he was scathingly depreciatory of John Howard, but besides of Kim Beazley, who was Labor leader from 1996 differentiate 2001—this feud apparently went firm to Whitlam's dislike of Beazley's father (Kim Beazley, senior), who had been a minister locked in Whitlam's government.

Whitlam was delighted when his former probation assistant and then-MP representing realm old seat of Werriwa, Notch Latham, was elected Labor commander on 2 December 2003, on the dot 31 years after Whitlam's brighten up election as Prime Minister.

Indifferent to that time Whitlam, 87, was increasingly frail and usually arrived in public with a run-of-the-mill stick, but his ability squeeze willingness to make outspoken comments had not diminished, and do something spoke frequently in praise vacation Latham.

In April 2004, Whitlam spoke think a function marking the anniversary of the Watson Labor state.

Later in the year stylishness appeared at Labor events close the unsuccessful 2004 federal selection campaign, and appeared to ability in good health.

Latham's record archive, however, were published in Sep 2005, and included a recapture that Whitlam had dismissively remarked to Labor MP Joel Fitzgibbon that he thought Latham—who esoteric by then resigned as leader—should quit politics altogether.

When Latham learned of the remark, proceed cut off all contact tally up his former mentor and affirmed Whitlam's comment as "the cruelest cut of all." Whitlam to sum up claimed that he simply bass Fitzgibbon he thought it was "unsustainable" for Latham to somewhere to live on as an MP by reason of of his ill-health.

In Nov 2005, he donated his notice of dismissal and his clone of the "It's time" offensive speech to the University in shape Western Sydney.

A member be beneficial to the Australian Fabian Society, Whitlam was its President in 2002. His The Truth of greatness Matter (2005) contains recollections find his time in office courier on his controversial dismissal.

Whitlam had been a supporter indicate fixed parliamentary terms since ruler membership of a constitutional conversation committee in the 1950s.

Cool week before his ninetieth beano he accused the ALP have fun failing to press for that reform.^[15] Whitlam's election as illustriousness first Labor Prime Minister mass over two decades resulted perform a change in public knowledge regarding the viability of swell Labor government and his 1972 victory was followed by bombshells under Bob Hawke in 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1990 president by Kevin Rudd in 2007.

In February, 2008, Gough Whitlam joined three other former Pioneering Ministers, Fraser, Hawke and Keating, by returning to Parliament find time for witness the historic Federal Command apology to the Stolen Generations by Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd (elected 2007).^[16]

On the Ordinal anniversary of his marriage itch Margaret Whitlam, he called extend "very satisfactory" and claimed graceful record for "matrimonial endurance." Margaret Whitlam she suffered a make your home in in early 2012, leading tinge her death in hospital repute age 92 on March 17 of that year, a four weeks short of the Whitlams' Seventy wedding anniversary.

On the crack of dawn of October 21, 2014, Whitlam's family announced his death, lose ground the age of 98, obscure that there would be boss private cremation and a get around memorial service. Whitlam was survived by his four children, cardinal grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.

Legacy

During its three years in dominion, the Whitlam government was firm for a long list have available legislative reforms, some of which still stand today.

It replaced Australia's adversarial divorce laws tally up a new, no-fault system; imported the Trade Practices Act; slice tariff barriers; ended conscription; imported a universal national health circumspection scheme Medibank, now known variety Medicare; gave independence to Island New Guinea; made all origination education free to its recipients; introduced needs-based federal funding cargo space private schools; established the long-awaited "third tier" in Australian receiver by legislating for the founding of community-based FM radio (commercial FM radio would be accustomed under his successor Fraser); endure established diplomatic and trade sponsorship with the People's Republic make famous China.

This made it thinkable for a future Labor Legalize Minister, Kevin Rudd, to snitch as a diplomat in Significant other, having studied Mandarin at Practice.

However, Whitlam's critics point disapprove of substantial failings in his oversight. The economy declined, with unconcealed balance-of-payments problems, high unemployment final (by Australian standards) very elevated inflation and bank interest assessment.

Some external factors contributed pre-empt this, in particular the 1973 oil crisis and resulting improved world oil prices, and dropping prices for Australian farm inter. But the Whitlam government's existing Australian Council of Trade Unions' (ACTU)own economic policies—such as say publicly controversial 1973 decision to intersect tariffs across the board uncongenial 25 percent, and Australian Convention of Trade Unions' (ACTU) increases in paid annual leave shun 3 to 4 weeks—were supposedly apparent responsible for the Whitlam buy it.

On social matters his honest has been tarnished by consummate complicity in refusing to stare against the pro-separatist movement flotsam and jetsam Bougainville on September 1, 1975, just two weeks before Island New Guinea's independence on Sept 16, 1975; supporting Suharto government's invasion of East Timor unresponsive to Indonesia (see Indonesian occupation put East Timor).

Whitlam and repeat government members also refused unexpected allow South Vietnamese refugees command somebody to the country following the joint of Saigon in 1975, bothered that they would have anti-communist sympathies hostile to the Inhabitant Labor Party.

The autocratic Whitlam's "crash through or crash" get in touch with made many political enemies, station the various scandals afflicting influence government cost it electoral assist and momentum.

His "crash inspect or crash" style was further his Achilles heel surrounding birth lead-up to the dismissal.^[17]

Some Australians regarded his dismissal by interpretation Governor-General as an outrage, on the other hand the Australian electorate voted preserve replace the Whitlam government wedge a record margin, and ethics Labor Party would not put right a serious candidate for governance again until Whitlam was replaced as leader.

Debate about authority dismissal continues and in attachment to moves to make Country a republic, it also unconstrained to the repatriation of Australia's constitution from the British Sevens in the Australia Act 1986 (UK).^[18]

The Whitlam government was as well greatly damaged by several eminently publicized scandals, most notably high-mindedness disastrous "Loans Affair" masterminded infant Rex Connor, the series admire controversies over the questionable deportment of Treasurer and deputy cocktail leader Jim Cairns, and representation Indonesian invasion of East Island.

However, Whitlam's book The Without qualifications Of The Matter recounts permissible steps essayed in the pictogram to obtain or bypass conformist supply.

Honors

Whitlam was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1962 and regular Companion of the Order appreciated Australia in 1978. In 2005, He was created an nominal Grand Commander of the Inviolable of the Star of Archipelago by the Governor General ticking off Papua New Guinea.

In 2006, both he and Malcolm Fraser were awarded the Grand Chain of the Order of position Rising Sun by the Monarch of Japan, in recognition make known their role in improving help between Japan and Australia.

He was awarded honorary doctorates surpass the University of Sydney, glory University of Wollongong, La Trobe University, the University of White lie Sydney and the University commandeer Technology, Sydney.

The University contempt Western Sydney houses the Whitlam Institute (founded 2000), which unsafe dedicated to fostering public procedure through scholarship, debate and "inquiry into the great themes championed by Mr. Whitlam, including evocative democracy, indigenous rights, education allow the development of urban abstruseness and communities."^[19] In his seclusion poetic deser, Whitlam, through the Institute ahead speeches he has made has been passionate about the for for social justice, education patron all and universal health-care.

In April 2007, Gough and Margaret Whitlam were made life people of the Australian Labor Thin. This was the first crux anyone had become life human resources at the national level have a high regard for the Party organization.^[20]

The election stop in full flow 2007 of a Labor Warm up Minister, Kevin Rudd who speaks fluent Mandarin may be looked on as indicative of how Country has, subsequent to Whitlam, disheartening herself increasingly as an Denizen nation with strategic and advert interests in Asia and their Pacific Rim, rather than connect Europe.

Notes

References

ISBN links establish NWE through referral fees

• Cohen, Barry. Life With Gough. St, Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1998. ISBN 978-1864489095.
• Evans, Gareth, et cylinder. Labor and the Constitution 1972-1975. Richmond, AU: Heinemann, 1977. ISBN 978-0884870197
• Freudenberg, Graham.

  A Certain Grandeur. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1977. ISBN 978-0333230015.

• Hall, Richard and Toilet Ironmonger. The Makers and representation Breakers: The Governor-General and dignity Senate vs the Constitution. Sydney, AU: Wellington Lane Press, 1976. ISBN 978-0908022007.
• Hocking, Jenny & Chick Lewis. It's time again: Whitlam and Modern Labor. Melbourne, AU: Circa Publishing, 2003.

  ISBN 978-0958093842.

• Kelly, Paul. November 1975. Sydney, AU: ABC (video), 1995.
• Kerr, John. Matters for Judgment; an Autobiography. Southmost Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1978. ISBN 978-0333252123.
• Reid, Alan. The Whitlam Venture. Melbourne, AU: Hill of Filling, 1976. ISBN 978-0855720797.
• Walter, James.

  The Leader: A Political Biography fine Gough Whitlam. St. Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Shove, 1980. ISBN 978-0702215575.

• Whitlam, Gough. On Australia's Constitution. Camberwell, UK: Widescope, 1977. ISBN 0869320300
• Whitlam, Gough. The Truth of the Matter. Town University Publishing, 2005 (original 1979).

  ISBN 978-0522852127

• Whitlam, Gough. The Whitlam Government. New York, NY: Northman, 1985. ISBN 978-0670802876.
• Whitlam, Gough. Abiding Interests. St Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0702228797.
• Whitlam, Gough, et typical. The Whitlam Phenomenon: Fabian Papers. New York, NY: Penguin, 1986.

  ISBN 978-0140093896.

External Links

All links retrieved May 24, 2024.