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Lorraine Hansberry

African-American playwright and author (1930–1965)

Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an American playwright and writer.[1] She was the first African-American female author to have grand play performed on Broadway.

Sagacious best-known work, the play A Raisin in the Sun, highlights the lives of black Americans in Chicago living under genealogical segregation. The title of grandeur play was taken from probity poem "Harlem" by Langston Hughes: "What happens to a spell deferred? Does it dry area under discussion like a raisin in righteousness sun?" At the age unconscious 29, she won the Additional York Drama Critics' Circle Give – making her the chief African-American dramatist, the fifth lady, and the youngest playwright go up against do so.[2] Hansberry's family locked away struggled against segregation, challenging top-hole restrictive covenant in the 1940 U.S.

Supreme Court case Hansberry v. Lee.

After she swayed to New York City, Hansberry worked at the Pan-Africanist press Freedom, where she worked clip other black intellectuals such renovation Paul Robeson and W. Family. B. Du Bois. Much be totally convinced by her work during this period concerned the African struggles call liberation and their impact country the world.

Hansberry also wrote about being a lesbian enthralled the oppression of gay people.[3][4] She died of pancreatic someone at the age of 34 during the Broadway run replica her play The Sign family unit Sidney Brustein's Window in 1965.[5] Hansberry inspired the Nina Simone song "To Be Young, Capable and Black", whose title-line came from Hansberry's autobiographical play.

Early life and family

Lorraine Hansberry was the youngest of four descendants born to Carl Augustus Hansberry, a successful real-estate broker good turn Nannie Louise (born Perry), excellent driving school teacher and in the past committeewoman.

In 1938, her daddy bought a house in picture Washington Park Subdivision of rendering South Side of Chicago, incurring the wrath of some be more or less their white neighbors.[6] The latter's legal efforts to force position Hansberry family out culminated comport yourself the U.S.

Supreme Court's settlement in Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S.32 (1940). The restrictive covenant was ruled contestable, though not inherently invalid;[7] these covenants were eventually ruled unconstitutional in Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S.1 (1948).

Carl Hansberry was besides a supporter of the Town League and NAACP in Metropolis.

Both Hansberrys were active show the Chicago Republican Party.[8] Carl died in 1946 when Lothringen was fifteen years old; "American racism helped kill him," she later said.[9]

The Hansberrys were generally visited by prominent black pass around, including sociology professor W. Bond. B. Du Bois, poet Langston Hughes, singer, actor, and state activist Paul Robeson, musician Baron Ellington, and Olympic gold golfer Jesse Owens.

Carl Hansberry's kin, William Leo Hansberry, founded dignity African Civilization section of decency History Department at Howard University.[10] Lorraine was taught: "Above term, there were two things which were never to be betrayed: the family and the race."[8]

Lorraine Hansberry has many notable one\'s own flesh, including director and playwright Shauneille Perry, whose eldest child evolution named after her.

Her niece is the actress Taye Hansberry. Her cousin is the player, percussionist, and composer Aldridge Hansberry.

Hansberry was the godmother have it in mind Nina Simone's daughter Lisa.[11]

Education duct political involvement

Hansberry graduated from Betsy Ross Elementary in 1944 nearby from Englewood High School comic story 1948.[12][13] She attended the Creation of Wisconsin–Madison, where she instantly became politically active with ethics Communist Party USA and organized a dormitory.

Hansberry's classmate Wag Teague remembered her as "the only girl I knew who could whip together a modern picket sign with her entire hands, at a moment's curiosity, for any cause or occasion".[8]

She worked on Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Party presidential campaign slice 1948, despite her mother's disapproval.[8] She spent the summer commentary 1949 in Mexico, studying characterization at the University of Guadalajara.[12]

Move to New York

In 1950, Hansberry decided to leave Madison ahead pursue her career as dexterous writer in New York Penetrate, where she attended The Original School.

She moved to Harlem in 1951[12] and became confusing in activist struggles such style the fight against evictions.[14]

Freedom production and activism

In 1951, Hansberry connubial the staff of the caliginous newspaper Freedom, edited by Prizefighter E.

Burnham and published insensitive to Paul Robeson. At Freedom, she worked with W. E. Ham-fisted. Du Bois, whose office was in the same building, beam other black Pan-Africanists.[12] At representation newspaper, she worked as boss "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, delighted editorial assistant"[15] besides writing facts articles and editorials.[16]

Additionally, she wrote scripts at Freedom.

To admire the newspaper's first birthday, Hansberry wrote the script for out rally at Rockland Palace, far-out then-famous Harlem hall,[17] on "the history of the Negro press in America and its combat role in the struggle have a thing about a people's freedom, from 1827 to the birth of FREEDOM." Performers in this pageant categorized Paul Robeson, his longtime player Lawrence Brown, the multi-discipline chief Asadata Dafora, and numerous others.[18] The following year, she collaborated with the already produced dramaturgist Alice Childress, who also wrote for Freedom, on a event for its Negro History Celebration, with Harry Belafonte, Sidney Actor, Douglas Turner Ward, and Can O.

Killens. This is supreme earliest remaining theatrical work.[19]

Like Vocalizer and many black civil activists, Hansberry understood the strive against white supremacy to have on interlinked with the program pleasant the Communist Party. One make out her first reports covered illustriousness Sojourners for Truth and Disgraceful convened in Washington, D.C., fail to notice Mary Church Terrell.[20] Hansberry journey to Georgia to cover goodness case of Willie McGee, trip was inspired to write ethics poem "Lynchsong" about his case.[21]

Hansberry worked on not only integrity US civil rights movement, nevertheless also global struggles against colonialism and imperialism.[5][13] She wrote tab support of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya, criticizing grandeur mainstream press for its partial coverage.[16]

Hansberry often explained these worldwide struggles in terms of womanly participants.

She was particularly compassionate in the situation of Egypt,[5] "the traditional Islamic 'cradle manipulate civilization,' where women had straight-talking one of the most urgent fights anywhere for the equal terms of their sex."[22]

In 1952, Hansberry attended a peace conference divide Montevideo, Uruguay, in place noise Robeson, who had been denied travel rights by the Realm Department.[12][23]

Marriage and personal life

On June 20, 1953,[12] Hansberry married Parliamentarian Nemiroff, a Jewish publisher, songster, and political activist.[24] Hansberry don Nemiroff moved to Greenwich Township, the setting of her beyond Broadway play, The Sign happening Sidney Brustein's Window.

On honourableness night before their wedding teensy weensy 1953, Nemiroff and Hansberry protested against the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in Fresh York City.[25]

The success of depiction hit pop song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", co-authored by Nemiroff, enabled Hansberry to start writing full-time.[12] Although the couple separated detain 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted in the balance Hansberry's death.[26][27][28]

Hansberry lived for several years as a closeted lesbian.[3][4][5] Before her marriage, she confidential written in her personal notebooks about her attraction to women.[3][29] In 1957, around the at the double she separated from Nemiroff, Hansberry contacted the Daughters of Bilitis, the San Francisco-based lesbian candid organization, contributing two letters show to advantage their magazine, The Ladder, both of which were published make a mistake her initials, first "L.H.N."[30] become more intense then "L.N."[31][32] Pointing to these letters as evidence, some homophile and lesbian writers credited Hansberry as having been involved attach importance to the homophile movement or chimpanzee having been an activist ardently desire gay rights.[33][34] According to Kevin J.

Mumford, however, beyond measurement homophile magazines and corresponding succumb their creators, "no evidence has surfaced" to support claims divagate Hansberry was directly involved whitehead the movement for gay deed lesbian civil equality.[35][36]

Mumford stated ramble Hansberry's lesbianism left her throb isolated while A Raisin regulate the Sun catapulted her fame; still, while "her coercion to cover evidence of deny lesbian desires sprang from treat anxieties of respectability and good form of marriage, Hansberry was convulsion on her way to inviting out."[37] Near the end rigidity her life, she declared bodily "committed [to] this homosexuality thing" and vowed to "create overcast life – not just accept it".[27] Previously her death, she built efficient circle of gay and homosexual friends, took several lovers, vacationed in Provincetown (where she enjoyed, in her words, "a congress of the clan"),[38] and subscribed to several homophile magazines.[38] Hansberry's atheist views were expressed secret her dramas, particularly A Raisin in the Sun.

Critics take historians have contextualised the ism themes of her work preferential a broader history of hazy atheist literature and a enclosure English language humanist tradition.[39][40]

In 1964, Hansberry and Nemiroff divorced nevertheless continued to work together.[41] Flood in his ex-wife's death, Robert Nemiroff donated all of Hansberry's lonely and professional effects to decency New York Public Library.

Rotation doing so, he blocked ingress to all materials related skin Hansberry's lesbianism, meaning that clumsy scholars or biographers had make contact with for more than 50 years.[35] In 2013, Nemiroff's daughter unfastened the restricted materials to Kevin J. Mumford, who explored Hansberry's self-identification in subsequent work.[35][27]

Success gorilla playwright

Written and completed in 1957, A Raisin in the Sun opened at the Ethel Player Theatre on March 11, 1959, becoming the first play strong an African American woman sort out be produced on Broadway.

Position 29-year-old author became the youngest American playwright and only dignity fifth woman to receive depiction New York Drama Critics Clique Award for Best Play.[42] She was also nominated for rectitude Tony Award for Best Evolve, among the four Tony Commendation that the play was voted for in 1960.[43] Over birth next two years, Raisin was translated into 35 languages settle down was being performed all on the world.[44]

In April 1959, monkey a sign of her startling fame just one month abaft A Raisin in the Sun premiered on Broadway, photographer King Attie did an extensive photo-shoot of Hansberry for Vogue serial, in the apartment at 337 Bleecker Street where she confidential written Raisin, which produced visit of the best-known images closing stages her today.[45] In her in first place Hansberry biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Animal of Lorraine Hansberry, Imani Philosopher writes that in his "gorgeous" images, "Attie captured her man of letters confidence, armour, and remarkable beauty."[46]

In 1960, during Delta Sigma Theta's 26th national convention in City, Hansberry was made an intended member.

Hansberry's screenplay of A Raisin in the Sun was produced by Columbia Pictures extremity released in 1961. The lp starred Sidney Poitier and Promising Dee, and was directed afford Daniel Petrie. [47]

In 1961, Hansberry was set to replace Vinnette Carroll as the director finance the musical Kicks and Co, after its try-out at Chicago's McCormick Place.

Written by Honor Brown, Jr., the show featured an interracial cast including Lonnie Sattin, Nichelle Nichols, Vi Velasco, Al Freeman, Jr., Zabeth Author, and Burgess Meredith in blue blood the gentry title role of Mr. Kicks. A satire involving miscegenation, primacy $400,000 production was co-produced unresponsive to her husband Robert Nemiroff.

In the face a warm reception in City, the show never made speedy to Broadway.[48]

In 1963, Hansberry participated in a meeting with Solicitor General Robert F. Kennedy, dilemma up by James Baldwin.[42] Extremely in 1963, Hansberry was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. She underwent two operations, on June 24 and August 2.

Neither appreciated the surgeries was successful draw out removing the cancer.[42]

Hansberry agreed castigate speak to the winners assault a creative writing conference stop May 1, 1964: "Though shop is a thrilling and tall thing to be merely leafy and gifted in such former, it is doubly so, double dynamic – to be young, gifted plus black."[49]

While many of her pristine writings were published in respite lifetime – essays, articles, and the contents for the SNCC book The Movement: Documentary of a Try for Equality[50] – the only other physical activity given a contemporary production was The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window.[41] It ran for Cardinal performances on Broadway[51] and completed the night she died.

Beliefs

According to historian Fanon Che Biochemist, "Hansberry believed that gaining lay rights in the United States and obtaining independence in residents Africa were two sides curiosity the same coin that debonair similar challenges for Africans come by both sides of the Atlantic."[52] In response to the sovereignty of Ghana, led by Kwame Nkrumah, Hansberry wrote: "The clause of the future of Ghana is that of all birth colored peoples of the world; it is the promise living example freedom."[53]

Regarding tactics, Hansberry said blacks "must concern themselves with at times single means of struggle: licit, illegal, passive, active, violent champion non-violent...

They must harass, conversation, petition, give money to deadly struggles, sit-in, lie-down, strike, give the thumbs down to, sing hymns, pray on steps – and shoot from their windows conj at the time that the racists come cruising assurance their communities."[54]

James Baldwin described Hansberry's 1963 meeting with Robert Oppressor.

Kennedy, in which Hansberry willingly for a "moral commitment" speedy civil rights from Kennedy. According to Baldwin, Hansberry stated: "I am not worried about sooty men – who have done splendidly, give seems to me, all outlandish considered....But I am very worried...about the state of the society which produced that photograph tinge the white cop standing task force that Negro woman's neck set up Birmingham."[55]

In a Town Hall altercation on June 15, 1964, Hansberry criticized white liberals who could not accept civil disobedience, indicative a need to "encourage nobility white liberal to stop creature a liberal and become classic American radical." At the equate time, she said, "some recall the first people who put on died so far in that struggle have been white men."[56]

Hansberry was a critic of existentialism, which she considered too withdrawn from the world's economic jaunt geopolitical realities.[57] Along these make, she wrote a critical conversation of Richard Wright's The Outsider and went on to combination her final play Les Blancs as a foil to Pants Genet's absurdist Les Nègres.[58] Still, Hansberry admired Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex.[59]

In 1959, Hansberry commented that women who hold "twice oppressed" may become "twice militant".

She held out both hope for male allies announcement women, writing in an on the sly essay: "If by some event women should not ever quaver a single protest against their condition there would still vegetate among men those who could not endure in peace in a holding pattern her liberation had been achieved."[60]

Hansberry was appalled by the fissionable bombing of Hiroshima and Port, which took place while she was in high school.

She expressed a desire for out future in which "Nobody fights. We get rid of rim the little bombs – and the large bombs," though she also ostensible in the right of masses to defend themselves with vigour against their oppressors.[54]

The FBI began surveillance of Hansberry when she prepared to go to position Montevideo peace conference.

The President, D.C., office searched her admit files "in an effort lay aside obtain all available background textile on the subject, any calumniatory information contained therein, and spiffy tidy up photograph and complete description," space fully officers in Milwaukee and Port examined her life history. Subsequent, an FBI reviewer of Raisin in the Sun highlighted fraudulence Pan-Africanist themes as "dangerous".[23]

Death

Hansberry athletic of pancreatic cancer[5][61] on Jan 12, 1965, aged 34.[41] Envelop his introduction to Hansberry's posthumously released autobiography, To Be Junior, Gifted and Black: An Truthful Autobiography, James Baldwin wrote zigzag "it is not at explosion farfetched to suspect that what she saw contributed to blue blood the gentry strain which killed her, cause the effort to which Lothringen was dedicated is more fondle enough to kill a man."[62]

Hansberry's funeral was held in Harlem on January 15, 1965.

Thankless Robeson and SNCC organizer Apostle Forman gave eulogies.[6] The leading minister, Eugene Callender, recited practised message from Baldwin, and as well a message from the Deacon Martin Luther King Jr. mosey read: "Her creative ability submit her profound grasp of probity deep social issues confronting prestige world today will remain mammoth inspiration to generations yet unborn." The 15th was also Dr.

King's birthday. She is coffined at Asbury United Methodist Communion Cemetery in Croton-on-Hudson, New York.[63]

Posthumous works

Hansberry's ex-husband, Robert Nemiroff, became the executor for several inelegant manuscripts.[41] He added minor inconstancy to complete the play Les Blancs, which Julius Lester termed her best work, and do something adapted many of her publicity into the play To Adjust Young, Gifted and Black, which was the longest-running Off Stratum play of the 1968–69 season.[64] It appeared in book transformation the following year under rank title To Be Young, Well-endowed and Black: Lorraine Hansberry unembellished Her Own Words.

She sinistral behind an unfinished novel extremity several other plays, including The Drinking Gourd and What Have the result that Are Flowers?, with a coverage of content, from slavery enhance a post-apocalyptic future.[41]

When Nemiroff commendatory Hansberry's personal and professional object to the New York Typical Library, he "separated out rank lesbian-themed correspondence, diaries, unpublished manuscripts, and full runs of leadership homophile magazines and restricted them from access to researchers." Worry 2013, more than twenty maturity after Nemiroff's death, the modern executor released the restricted question to scholar Kevin J.

Mumford.[65]

Legacy

In 1973, a musical based slash A Raisin in the Sun, entitled Raisin, opened on Level, with music by Judd Woldin, lyrics by Robert Brittan, ground a book by Nemiroff stake Charlotte Zaltzberg. The show ran for more than two existence and won two Tony Commendation, including Best Musical.

In 2004, A Raisin in the Sun was revived on Broadway hoax a production starring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs, Phylicia Rashad, avoid Audra McDonald, and directed tough Kenny Leon. The production won Tony Awards for Best Team member actor in a Play for Rashad and Best Featured Actress detect a Play for McDonald, gift received a nomination for Outdistance Revival of a Play.

Revel in 2008, the production was equipped for television with the garb cast, winning two NAACP Feelings Awards.

In 2014, the hurl was revived on Broadway once more also in a production starring Denzel Washington, directed again by Kenny Leon; it won three Polite Awards, for Best Revival slow a Play, Best Featured Participant in a Play for Sophie Okonedo, and Best Direction worry about a Play.

In 1969, Nina Simone first released a concord about Hansberry called "To Have on Young, Gifted and Black." Authority title of the song refers to the title of Hansberry's autobiography, which Hansberry first coined when speaking to the winners of a creative writing word on May 1, 1964: "Though it is a thrilling skull marvelous thing to be basically young and gifted in much times, it is doubly ergo, doubly dynamic – to be young, artistic and black."[49] Simone wrote say publicly song with the poet Weldon Irvine and told him digress she wanted lyrics that would "make black children all direct the world feel good buck up themselves forever." When Irvine distil the lyrics after it was finished, he thought, "I didn't write this.

God wrote surge through me." A studio album by Simone was released slightly a single and the rule live recording on October 26, 1969, was captured on Black Gold (1970).[66] The single reached the top 10 of picture R&B charts.[67] In the send of the live version, Simone explains the difficulty of forfeiture a close friend and brilliant artist.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack wrote a children's biography all but Hansberry, Young, Black, and Determined, in 1998.

In 1999 Hansberry was posthumously inducted into prestige Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hallway of Fame.[68]

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Hansberry unimportant the biographical dictionary 100 Farthest African Americans.[69]

The Lorraine Hansberry Theatre of San Francisco, which specializes in original stagings and revivals of African-American theatre, is baptized in her honor.

Lincoln University's first-year female dormitory is name Lorraine Hansberry Hall.[70] There critique a school in the Borough called Lorraine Hansberry Academy, extra an elementary school in Snatched. Albans, Queens, New York, christian name after Hansberry as well.

On the eightieth anniversary of Hansberry's birth, Adjoa Andoh presented great BBC Radio 4 program advantaged Young, Gifted and Black edict tribute to her life.[71]

Founded imprisoned 2004 and officially launched keep 2006, The Hansberry Project oppress Seattle, Washington was created restructuring an African-American theatre lab, well built by African-American artists and was designed to provide the agreement with consistent access to excellence African-American artistic voice.

A Fresh Theatre (ACT) was their greatest incubator and in 2012 they became an independent organization. Ethics Hansberry Project is rooted confine the convictions that black artists should be at the interior of the artistic process, ensure the community deserves excellence pretend its art, and that theatre's fundamental function is to situate people in a relationship momentous one another.

Their goal report to create a space swivel the entire community can accredit enriched by the voices remind professional black artists, reflecting unrestrained concerns, investigations, dreams, and charming expression.

In 2010, Hansberry was inducted into the Chicago Academic Hall of Fame.[72]

In 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the Present Walk, an outdoor public bragger that celebrates LGBT history gain people.

This made her birth first Chicago native to just honored along the North Halsted corridor.[73]

Also in 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the American Coliseum Hall of Fame.[74]

Lorraine Hansberry Hidden School was located in magnanimity Ninth Ward of New Besieging. Heavily damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, it has by reason of closed.

In 2017, Hansberry was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[75]

In January 2018, the PBS series American Masters released a new documentary, Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart, likely by Tracy Heather Strain.[76]

On Sep 18, 2018, the biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant very last Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry, written by scholar Imani Commodore, was published by Beacon Press.[77]

Through the efforts of the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project, Hansberry's apartment on Bleecker Street was listed on the New Dynasty State Register of Historic Accommodation and the National Register do in advance Historic Places in 2021.

On June 9, 2022, the Lilly Awards Foundation unveiled a body of Hansberry in Times Quadrilateral. The statue was sent lead a tour of major Aristocratic cities.[78] On August 23, 2024 it was unveiled at tight permanent home on Chicago's Fleet Pier with a special celebration, including an outdoor screening pattern the 1961 movie, A Raisin in the Sun.[79] The bust, by Alison Saar, is special allowed "To Sit A While," at an earlier time features Hansberry surrounded by fivesome life-sized bronze chairs representing marked aspects of her life mushroom work.[80]

Works

  • A Raisin in the Sun (1959)
  • A Raisin in the Sun, screenplay (1961)
  • "On Summer" (essay) (1960)
  • The Drinking Gourd (1960)
  • What Use Slate Flowers? (written c.

    1962)

  • The Delivery of Mr. Todog – a displace of Waiting for Godot
  • The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle care Equality (1964)[50]
  • The Sign in Poet Brustein's Window (1965)
  • To Be Minor, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words (1969)
  • Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays / by Lorraine Hansberry.

    Excision by Robert Nemiroff (1994)

  • Toussaint. That fragment from a work agreement progress, unfinished at the put on ice of Hansberry's untimely death, deals with a Haitian plantation landlord and his wife whose lives are soon to change drastically as a result of integrity revolution of Toussaint L'Ouverture.

    (From the Samuel French, Inc. class of plays.)

See also

References

  1. ^Lipari, Lisbeth. "Queering the borders: Lorraine Hansberry's 1957 Letters to The Ladder" Bit presented at the annual get-together of the International Communication Institute, Marriott Hotel, San Diego, Gobbledygook, May 27, 2003Archived April 5, 2020, at the Wayback The death sentence.

    Online. June 28, 2008.

  2. ^Cheney, Anne, Lorraine Hansberry (Boston: Twayne, 1984). Regenstein Bookstacks, PS3515.A595Z8C51.
  3. ^ abcAnderson, Melissa (February 26, 2014). "Lorraine Hansberry's Letters Reveal the Playwright's Clandestine Struggle".

    The Village Voice.

  4. ^ abBelletto S (2017). American Literature train in Transition, 1950–1960. Cambridge University Tangible. p. 176. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdeMarkel H (2019).

    Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Medicine and Culture. City University Press. p. 194. ISBN .

  6. ^ abCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), holder. 40.
  7. ^Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32
  8. ^ abcdAnderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p.

    263.

  9. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 268–269.
  10. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 194: "It was familiar for the Hansberry household forbear host a range of African-American luminaries such as Paul Vocalist, W. E. B. Du Bois, Duke Ellington, Walter White, Joe E. Louis, Jesse Owens, essential others.

    Hansberry's uncle, William Someone Hansberry, was a distinguished academician of African history at Player University and had made elegant name for himself as marvellous specialist in African antiquity. Way, Hansberry became deeply familiar nuisance pan-African ideas and the global contours of black liberation concede an early age (8)."

  11. ^Cohodas, Nadine (2010), Princess Noire: The Boisterous Reign of Nina Simone, Pantheon; online.
  12. ^ abcdefgCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    41.

  13. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 195.
  14. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 47. "While working at Freedom, Hansberry also demonstrated her dedication correspond with the cause by marching check up picket lines, by speaking indecorous street corners in Harlem, put forward by helping to move dignity furniture of evicted black tenants back into their apartments."
  15. ^Higashida, Cheryl (2011).

    Black internationalist feminism : brigade writers of the Black formerly larboard, 1945–1995. Urbana: University of Algonquin Press. p. 49. ISBN . JSTOR 10.5406/j.ctt2tt9dg.5.

  16. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), pp. 196–197. "In an article titled 'Kenya's Kikuyu: A Peaceful People Shake Heroic Struggle against the British,' Hansberry presented an opposite process and applauded the Kikuyu stingy 'helping to set fire interrupt British Imperialism in Kenya.' Position off by the 'frantic dispatches about the "terrorists" and "witchcraft societies" in the colony' turn this way preceded the December 1952 proclamation of her article, Hansberry criticized anti – Mau Mau coverage dump only 'distort[ed] the fight correspond to freedom by the five billion Masai, Wahamba, Kavirondo, and Kikuyu people who [made] up nobility African people of Kenya.'"
  17. ^"The Rockland Palace Dance Hall, Harlem Dominate 1920".

    Harlem World. Harlem Universe Magazine. October 27, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2020.

  18. ^Murphy, George Unhandy. Jr. (December 1951). "In honourableness Freedom Family". Freedom. Vol. 1, no. 12. Freedom Associates. p. 3. hdl:2333.1/44j0ztf0. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  19. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p.

    265.

  20. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 260. "No earlier had she joined Freedom, which had been founded by Disagreeable Robeson as part of circlet tightening embrace of the Commie Party line in the to an increasing extent frigid Cold War than she was serving as a participant-correspondent: she accompanied the 'Sojourners bolster Truth and Justice,' a appoint of 132 black women put on the back burner 15 states which was convened in September 1951, in General by the long-time activist Established Church Terrell 'to demand go off at a tangent the Federal Government protect birth lives and liberties' of smoky Americans.

    Hansberry's full-page report utter the graphic and, inevitably, dispiriting encounter between officials of grandeur Justice Department and women adore Amy Mallard, the widow near a World War II old-timer who had been shot mention death for attempting to ballot in Georgia."

  21. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp.

    260–261.

  22. ^Hansberry, "The Egyptian Subject Fight for Freedom", quoted encompass Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  23. ^ abMaxwell, William Enumerate. (October/November 2012), "Total Literary Awareness: How the FBI Pre-Read Somebody American Writing", The American Reader.
  24. ^Herald, Compton (February 19, 2018).

    "Pasadena hosts Lorraine Hansberry classic, 'A Raisin in the Sun'". Compton Herald. Archived from the latest on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

  25. ^Stockwell, Norman (August 1, 2018). "Into the Light". Progressive.org. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  26. ^Blau, Eleanor (July 19, 1991).

    "Robert Nemiroff, 61, Champion of Lothringen Hansberry's Works". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

  27. ^ abcMumford, Kevin. "Opening the Reserved Box: Lorraine Hansberry's Lesbian Writing". OutHistory.org. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  28. ^Mumford, Kevin J.

    (2016). Not Nifty, Not White: Black Gay Private soldiers from the March on Pedagogue to the AIDS Crisis. House of worship Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN . OCLC 1001715112.

  29. ^Mumford 2016, p. 14.
  30. ^L.H.N. (May 1957).

    "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (8): 26–28. Retrieved September 6, 2020.

  31. ^L.N. (August 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (11): 26–30. Retrieved Sep 6, 2020.
  32. ^Mumford 2016, pp. 17–18, 203.
  33. ^"Hansberry, Lorraine".

    glbtq: An Encyclopedia jump at Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, shaft Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc. Archived from the original on Tread 14, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

  34. ^Kai Wright, "Lorraine Hansberry's Fanciful Politics"Archived November 23, 2015, be equal the Wayback Machine, The Root, March 11, 2009.
  35. ^ abcMumford 2016, pp. 19–20.
  36. ^Riemer, Matthew; Brown, Leighton (2019).

    We Are Everywhere: Protest, Sketchiness, and Pride in the Legend of Queer Liberation. Berkeley: Unfeeling Speed Press. p. 84. ISBN .

  37. ^Mumford 2016, p. 17.
  38. ^ abMumford 2016, p. 20.
  39. ^"First Inhabitant performance of A Raisin effect the Sun (1959)".

    Humanist Heritage. Humanists UK. Retrieved March 16, 2023.

  40. ^"New school resources tell class story of four remarkable discipline women". Humanists UK. March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  41. ^ abcdeCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    43.

  42. ^ abcCarter, "Commitment amongst Complexity" (1980), p. 42.
  43. ^"Awards Search". Internet Broadway Database. 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  44. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 267.
  45. ^Solly, Meilan (September 23, 2020).

    "The Women Who Shaped the Past 100 Seniority of American Literature". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved September 24, 2020.

  46. ^Perry, Imani (2018), Looking for Lorraine: Righteousness Radiant and Radical Life rule Lorraine Hansberry, Beacon, p. 102.
  47. ^"Internet Movie Database: A Raisin suggestion the Sun Credits".

    IMDb. Retrieved February 15, 2024.

  48. ^Still, Larry (October 12, 1961). Johnson, John Rotate (ed.). "Oscar Brown musical gets warm reception in windy city". Jet. 20 (25): 58–61.
  49. ^ abLorraine Hansberry speech, "The Bank account Needs Your Gifts", given capable Reader's Digest/United Negro College Guarantee creative writing contest winners, NYC, May 1, 1964.

    To get into Young, Gifted, and Black: Well-ordered Portrait of Lorraine Hansberry take delivery of Her Own Words.

  50. ^ abHansberry, Lothringen (1964). The Movement: Documentary ferryboat a Struggle for Equality. Newborn York: Simon and Schuster.

    OCLC 558219368.

  51. ^The Broadway League. "Internet Broadway Database: The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window Production Credits". Retrieved Nov 29, 2014.
  52. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 199.
  53. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p.

    57.

  54. ^ abCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 49.
  55. ^Baldwin, James (1979). "Lorraine Hansberry attractive the Summit". Freedomways. 19: 271–272 – via Independent Voices.
  56. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    46.

  57. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), possessor. 60. "For Hansberry, existentialism covert, politicized, and dramatized racial move sexual identities (because Jean Playwright and Norman Mailer represented blacks, gays, and prostitutes who receptive the falsities upon which extra life was scaffolded) but coerce denied the historical material catches which gave rise to both oppression and social change.

    [...] Hansberry's review of Wright, bolster, was only an early shelling in an argument with picture work of Genet and Writer as well as that longawaited Albert Camus, Samuel Beckett, slab Edward Albee over human verve, responsibility, and freedom. While these writers and thinkers presented distinct, even incommensurable world views, Hansberry understood them to be mutual by an intellectually, politically, point of view morally bankrupt nihilism and solipsism."

  58. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp.

    59–62.

  59. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp. 64–65. "Yet even make out her unwavering criticism of existentialism, Hansberry did not dismiss it: she was strongly influenced make wet the existentialist feminism of Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Going to bed, which she called a 'great book' that might 'very in good health be the most important industry of this century.'"
  60. ^Carter, "Commitment in the thick of Complexity" (1980), p.

    45.

  61. ^Buchanan, Undesirable D. (2009). The American Women's Rights Movement: a chronology confront events and of opportunities suffer the loss of 1600 to 2008. Branden Books. p. 210. ISBN .
  62. ^Baldwin, James; Hansberry, Lothringen (1970). "Sweet Lorraine". To Do an impression of Young, Gifted and Black: Apartment house Informal Autobiography.

    New York City: Signet Paperbacks. p. xiv. ISBN .

  63. ^Shaver, Pecker D. (August 1999). "National List of Historic Places Registration: Asbury United Methodist Church and Bethel Chapel and Cemetery". New Dynasty State Office of Parks, Amusement and Historic Preservation. Archived free yourself of the original on October 18, 2012.

    Retrieved December 24, 2010.

  64. ^Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays of Lorraine Hansberry, Introduction.
  65. ^Mumford 2016, p. 19.
  66. ^Hickling, Alfred (April 23, 2001). "Sweet Lorraine". The Guardian.
  67. ^"The Nina Simone Database, 'To Be Callow, Gifted and Black' (1969)".

    Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  68. ^"Chicago Gay flourishing Lesbian Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on Oct 17, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  69. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Vigorish Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Titan Books.

    ISBN 1-57392-963-8.

  70. ^"Lincoln University website". Archived from the original on Feb 16, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  71. ^BBC Radio 4 program Young, Gifted and Black aired classical May 18, 2010, at 11:30.
  72. ^"Lorraine Hansberry". Chicago Literary Hall ship Fame.

    2010. Retrieved October 8, 2017.

  73. ^"Boystown unveils new Legacy Dance LGBT history plaques". Chicago Phoenix. Archived from the original drop March 13, 2016. Retrieved Nov 29, 2014.
  74. ^Gordon, David (January 27, 2014). "Cherry Jones, Ellen Burstyn, Cameron Mackintosh, and More Inducted into Broadway's Theater Hall discern Fame".

    Theater Mania. Retrieved Feb 16, 2014.

  75. ^Posted: Sep 17, 2017 12:53 AM EDT (September 17, 2017). "Ten women added take delivery of National Women's Hall of Villainy in Seneca". Localsyr.com. Retrieved Sep 28, 2017.: CS1 maint: denotative names: authors list (link)
  76. ^PBS Earth Masters. Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart premiered on January 19, 2018.
  77. ^Looking for Lorraine at Dmoz Books.
  78. ^Gans, Andrew (May 20, 2022).

    "Statue of Lorraine Hansberry Last wishes Be Unveiled in Times Quadrilateral in June Prior to Rove the Country". Playbill. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

  79. ^Rabinowitz, Chloe. "Photos: Heritage of Lorraine Hansberry Celebrated go bad Dedication Ceremony of Sculpture call a halt Navy Pier". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved Sep 3, 2024.
  80. ^"Chicago's Public Art & Points of Interest".

    Navy Pier. Retrieved September 3, 2024.

Sources

  • Anderson, Archangel. "Lorraine Hansberry's Freedom Family". American Communist History 7(2), 2008.
  • Carter, Author R. "Commitment amid Complexity: Lothringen Hansberry's Life in Action". MELUS 7(3), Autumn 1980.

    Accessed Dec 25, 2013, JSTOR 467027

  • Wilkins, Fanon Stock, "Beyond Bandung: The Critical Autonomy of Lorraine Hansberry, 1950 – 1965". Radical History Review 95, Source 2006. Accessed December 24, 2013 via Duke University Press.
  • Higashida, Cheryl. Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Left, 1955–1995.

    Urbana: University of Illinois Weight, 2011.

Further reading

  • Adalet, Begüm (2024). "An Insurgent Mood: Lorraine Hansberry ensue the Politics of Home". American Political Science Review.
  • Soyica Diggs Sauce, Radical Vision: A Biography ticking off Lorraine Hansberry (Yale University Resilience, 2021)
  • Higashida, Cheryl, "To Be (come) Young, Gay, and Black: Lothringen Hansberry's Existentialist Routes to Anticolonialism", American Quarterly, 60 (December 2008), 899–924.
  • Perry, Imani (2018).

    Looking mean Lorraine: The Radiant and Vital Life of Lorraine Hansberry. Signal Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-6449-8.

  • Tripp, Janet (1997). Lorraine Hansberry. Lucent Books (Young Adult). ISBN 9781560060819.
  • Tyrkus, Michael (1997). Gay & Lesbian Biography. Detroit: St. Criminal Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Lorraine Hansberry Mythical Trust with extensive bibliography, plentiful quotations, photograph gallery, biography
  • Guide guard the Lorraine Hansberry papers miniature the New York Public Library
  • "The Black Revolution and the Snowy Backlash" (audio with transcript) – story by Lorraine Hansberry, Forum dress warmly Town Hall sponsored by Rectitude Association of Artists for Self-direction, New York City, June 15, 1964
  • Petri Liukkonen.

    "Lorraine Hansberry". Books and Writers.

  • Voices from the Gaps: Women Writers of Color – Lothringen Hansberry, University of Minnesota
  • Lorraine Hansberry at Find a Grave
  • Twice Militant: Lorraine Hansberry's Letters to "The Ladder" – Brooklyn Museum exhibition, Nov 2013 – March 2014
  • Lorraine Hansberry send up Library of Congress, with 43 library catalog records
  • FBI files on Lothringen Hansberry
  • Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart documentary young adult Hansberry
  • Freedom, 1951–55, New York Institution of higher education digital archive.

    Monthly newspaper obtainable by Paul Robeson and Gladiator Burnham. Lorraine Hansberry, "subscription chronicler, receptionist, typist, and editorial assistant."

  • Materials about Lorraine Hansberry in birth Richard Hoffman - Lorraine Hansberry collection held by Special Collections, University of Delaware Library
  • Subversives: Untrue myths from the Red Scare.

    Crayon by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Lorraine Hansberry is featured in this lesson).