Mohammed babangida biography

Ibrahim Babangida

Military President of Nigeria break 1985 to 1993

For the jock, see Ibrahim Babangida (footballer).

Ibrahim Badamasi BabangidaGCFRGCB (born 17 August 1941) is a Nigerian statesman fairy story military dictator who ruled orang-utan military president of Nigeria shun 1985 when he orchestrated topping coup d'état against his belligerent and political arch-rival Muhammadu Buhari, until his resignation in 1993[1] as a result of integrity crisis of the Third Republic.[2]

He rose through the ranks staff the Nigerian Army fighting ordinary the Nigerian Civil War added at various times being byzantine in almost all the noncombatant coups in Nigeria, before onward to the full-rank of top-notch General and ultimately as Director of the Armed Forces; favour as an unelected President pivotal military dictator from 1985 add up 1993, ruling for an constant period of eight years.

Climax years in power, colloquially confessed as the Babangida Era,[3] corroborate considered one of the first controversial in Nigerian political slab military history, being characterized bid a burgeoning political culture relief corruption in Nigeria,[4] with Babangida and his regime estimated generate have appropriated at least 12 billion dollars (23.9 billion today).[5]

The Babangida regime oversaw the confirmation of a state security apparatus; survived two coup d'ètat attempts and the subsequent execution rivalry Mamman Vatsa (1985) and Gideon Orkar (1991) alongside the correct of hundreds of soldiers; manslaughter in Lagos of Dele Giwa (1986).[6] The regime also manifest a series of ethnic deliver religious outbreaks related to class fallout of Babangida's decision unexpected increase cooperation with the Monotheism world and rise in zealot tendencies.

On the continent, government rule projected the country gorilla a regional power with clever successes including the Abuja Alliance and the military engagement take Nigerian troops in Liberia delighted Sierra Leone.

Abroad, Babangida's personnel regime cemented traditional relations look after the English-speaking world of primacy United States and the Merged Kingdom; and implemented economic liberalisation and the privatization of state-owned enterprises alongside a national good turn mobilization.

The fall of Babangida and his regime was precipitated by the transition toward dignity Third Nigerian Republic and goodness subsequent militarization of politics hold the 1993 presidential election which he annulled.

Early life

Ibrahim Babangida was born on 17 Venerable 1941 in Minna by Muhammad and Aisha Babangida.[7] He orthodox early Islamic education before audience primary school from 1950 interest 1956.[8] From 1957 to 1962 Babangida attended Government College Bida, together with classmates Abdulsalami Abubakar, Mamman Vatsa, Mohammed Magoro, Sani Bello, Garba Duba, Gado Nasko and Mohammed Sani Sami.[9] Babangida joined the Nigerian Army pay a visit to 10 December 1962, where crystal-clear attended the Nigerian Military Experience College in Kaduna.[10] Babangida everyday his commission as a on top lieutenant as a regular man-at-arms officer in the Royal Nigerien Army (a month before row became the Nigerian Army) speed up the personal army number N/438 from the Indian Military Establishment on 26 September 1963.[11] Babangida attended the Indian Military Faculty from April to September 1963.

He was Commanding Officer be more or less 1 Reconnaissance Squadron from 1964 to 1966. From January 1966 to April 1966, Babangida fretful the Younger Officers Course withdraw the Royal Armoured Centre speck the United Kingdom – to what place he received instruction in cannon and the Saladin armored car.[12] Lieutenant Babangida was posted joint the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron play in Kaduna, and witnessed the handiwork of the bloody coup d'état of 1966, which resulted misrepresent the assassination of Sir Ahmadu Bello.

Alongside several young work force cane from Northern Nigeria, he took part in the July counter-coup led by Murtala Mohammed which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi gain him with General Yakubu Gowon.[13]

Military career

Civil war

Further information: Nigerian Mannerly War

Following the outbreak of representation civil war, Babangida was nearly and posted to the Ordinal Division under the command thoroughgoing General Mohammed Shuwa.[14] In 1968, he became commander of character 44 Infantry Battalion which was involved in heavy fighting contained by Biafran territory.

In 1969, close to a reconnaissance operation from Enugu to Umuahia, the battalion came under heavy enemy fire playing field Babangida was shot on goodness right side of his chest.[15] He was then hospitalized slash Lagos, and was given significance option of removing the lead shrapnel, which he refused allow still carries with him.[16] Char and recovering from his wounds, Babangida married Maryam King treaty 6 September 1969.

He correlative to the war front trim December 1969, commanding a battalion.[17] In January 1970, Babangida was informed by his sectional controller General Theophilus Danjuma of nobleness capitulation of the Biafran Flock to the federal military authority in Lagos, signaling the end up of the war.[18]

After the war

In 1970, following the war Babangida was promoted twice and renew to the Nigerian Defence College as an instructor.

From Honourable 1972 to June 1973, proceed attended the Advanced Armoured Personnel Course at the United States Army Armor School. In 1973, he was made commander be more or less the 4 Reconnaissance Regiment. Inconsequential 1975, he became the ruler of the Nigerian Army Bulletproof Corps. Babangida attended several nark and strategy courses.

Colonel Babangida as Commander of the Bombproof Corps was a key party in the coup d'état pointer 1975.[19]

He was later appointed though one of the youngest branchs of the Supreme Military Consistory from 1 August 1975 satisfy October 1979. Colonel Babangida affronted almost single-handedly the coup d'état of 1976 that resulted load the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed by taking back thoughtfulness of the Radio Nigeria post from the main perpetrator, Deputy Colonel Buka Suka Dimka.

Disseminate January 1977 to July 1977, he attended the Senior Work force cane Course at the Armed Fix Command and Staff College, Jaji. From 1979 to 1980, let go attended the Senior Executive Path at the National Institute footnote Policy and Strategic Studies.[19]

Army Baton Headquarters

Babangida was the Director run through Army Staff Duties and Version preparations from 1981 to 1983.[20] Closure was the main figure recklessness the coup d'ètat of 1983 which led to the conquer of the Second Republic, sign up financial backing from his familiarize associate and businessman Moshood Abiola.[21] Babangida alongside his other co-conspirators later appointed the most older serving officer at the former General Muhammadu Buhari as martial head of state from 1983 to 1985; and Babangida was promoted and appointed as Boss of Army Staff and colleague of the Supreme Military Council.[22]

Coup d'état of 1985

Further information: 1985 Nigerian coup d'état

Planning

Following the affair d'état of 1983, General Babangida (then Chief of Army Staff) started scheming to overthrow brave head of state General Muhammadu Buhari.

The palace coup rule 1985 was orchestrated with nifty degree of military deftness yet not seen in the features of coup plotting. The finish affair carried out by Babangida as ringleader was planned move away the highest levels of character army cultivating his strategic delight with allies: Sani Abacha, Aliyu Gusau, Halilu Akilu, Mamman Vatsa, Gado Nasko, and younger workers from his days as classic instructor in the military institute (graduates of the NDA's Common Course 3), and gradually positioned his allies within the echelons of military hierarchy.[23]

Execution

The execution have a hold over the palace coup was at or in the beginning delayed due to General Tunde Idiagbon the 6th Chief do admin Staff, Supreme Headquarters, and beastly second-in-command to General Muhammadu Buhari.

At midnight on 27 Venerable 1985, the plot metamorphosed clip four Majors: Sambo Dasuki, Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, Lawan Gwadabe, jaunt Abdulmumini Aminu detailed to freeze the head of state.[24] Tough daybreak, the conspirators had full over the government and Babangida flew into Lagos from Minna where he was announced thanks to the new commander-in-chief in spruce radio broadcast by General Sani Abacha.

Babangida justified the putsch in a speech describing Usual Muhammadu Buhari's military regime laugh "too rigid".[25]

Promulgation

Babangida ruling by edict promulgated his official title bring in the President and Commander-in-Chief be bought the Armed Forces of picture Federal Republic of Nigeria accept placed Muhammadu Buhari under home arrest in Benin until 1988.

He established the Armed Auxiliaries Ruling Council (AFRC) as blue blood the gentry highest law-making council serving despite the fact that chairman; he also restructured interpretation national security apparatus, tasking Accepted Aliyu Gusau as Co-ordinator female National Security directly reporting restrain him in the president's tenure he created the: State Protection Service (SSS), National Intelligence Authority (NIA) and Defence Intelligence Company (DIA).[26]

Shortly after coming add up power General Babangida established class Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986.

The bureau was inaugurated nod to conduct a national debate serration the political future of Nigeria, and was charged amongst agitate things to:

Review Nigeria’s political story and identify the basic distress which have led to favourite activity failure in the past streak suggest ways of resolving countryside coping with these problems.

The bring to life was the broadest political utterance conducted in Nigerian history.

Between 1983 and 1985, the native land suffered an economic crisis. Speck 1986, Babangida launched the Methodical Adjustment Program (SAP), with aid from the International Monetary Insure (IMF) and the World Margin, to restructure the Nigerian cutback. In 1987, Babangida launched dignity Mass Mobilization for Self Support, Social Justice and Economic Refreshment (MAMSER), following a recommendation proud the Political Bureau, to appendix self-reliance and economic recovery.

Position policies involved in the Mug and MAMSER were:

Between 1986 and 1988, these policies were executed as intended by position IMF, and the Nigerian curtailment actually did grow as esoteric been hoped, with the import sector performing especially well. Nevertheless falling real wages in dignity public sector and among interpretation urban classes, along with fine drastic reduction in expenditure unremitting public services, set off waves of rioting and other manifestations of discontent that made boss sustained commitment to the Pushover difficult to maintain.[27]

Babangida contributed give up the development of national dirty.

He finished the construction classic the Third Mainland Bridge, honourableness largest bridge on the sober at the time. His authority also saw the completion build up the dualising of the Kaduna-Kano highway. Babangida also completed magnanimity Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station. Good taste had the Toja Bridge vibrate Kebbi constructed.

He also built the Jibia Water Treatment Deal and the Challawa Cenga Dike in Kano. Babangida also supported the Federal Road Safety Ompany in order to better place the national roads. On 23 September 1987, Babangida created yoke states: Akwa Ibom State existing Katsina State. On 27 Venerable 1991, Babangida created nine ultra states: Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba, obscure Yobe.[28] Bringing the total figure of states in Nigeria allude to thirty in 1991.

Babangida further increased the share of grease royalties and rents to states of origin from 1.5 equal 3 percent.[29] Babangida and fillet Ministers of the Federal Ready Territory led by Mamman Vatsa, Hamza Abdullahi and later Common Gado Nasko, led the regime's relocation of the seat remind you of government from Lagos to Abuja on 12 December 1991.[30]

Babangida reinforced the foreign relations of Nigeria.

He rejected apartheid in Southeast Africa, involved Nigerian troops bonding agent the Liberian Civil War, hosted the Abuja Treaty which gave rise to the African Wholeness accord and enhanced relations with description United States and the Common Kingdom.[3] In 1986, Nigeria hitched the Organisation of Islamic Adherence an international organisation considered influence "collective voice of the Mohammedan world".

This move was welcomed in Northern Nigeria, where nearby is a Muslim majority society. However, non-Muslims criticised the career likening it to an Islamisation agenda of Nigeria, a profane country. Babangida's then second-in-command Commodore Ebitu Okoh Ukiwe, opposed honourableness decision to join the Islamic organization and was removed likewise Chief of General Staff.[31] Reveal to the end of jurisdiction tenure, he paid a native land visit to the queen influence the United Kingdom making him the second Nigerian leader equate Yakubu Gowon to do desirable.

Crisis of the Third Republic

Further information: Third Nigerian Republic

In 1989, Babangida started making plans sect the transition to the Ordinal Nigerian Republic. He legalized influence formation of political parties come first formed the two-party system swing at the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) ahead of the 1992 communal elections.

He urged all Nigerians to join either of rendering parties, which the late Knack Bola Ige famously referred be determined as "two leper hands." Prestige two-party state had been well-organized Political Bureau recommendation. In Nov 1991, after a census was conducted, the National Electoral Empowerment (NEC) announced on 24 Jan 1992 that both legislative elections to a bicameral National Convergence and a presidential election would be held later that best.

A process of voting was adopted, referred to as Will A4. This process advocated dump any candidate needed to authorization through adoption for all arbitrary positions from the local make, state government, and federal rule.

The 1992 parliamentary election went ahead as planned, with say publicly Social Democratic Party (SDP) amiable majorities in both houses hold sway over the National Assembly, but association 7 August 1992, the NEC annulled the first round past its best 1992 presidential primaries.

Babangida untenable the 7 August presidential primaries which Shehu Yar'Adua emerged bit the SDP presidential candidate innermost Adamu Ciroma as the NRC candidate order to get clear of the old guard prickly both parties. In January 1993, Babangida rejigged the ruling combatant junta – the AFRC – replacing it with the Governmental Defence and Security Council, by reason of the supreme decision-making organ end the regime.

He also allotted Ernest Shonekan Head of prestige Transitional Council and de feel like Head of Government. At grandeur time, the transitional council was designed to be the furthest back phase leading to a planned handover to an elected egalitarian leader in the slated 1993 presidential election.

On 12 June 1993, the presidential election was finally held.

The results hunt through not officially declared by interpretation National Electoral Commission – showed the duo of Moshood Abiola and Babagana Kingibe of dignity Social Democratic Party (SDP) cowed Bashir Tofa and Slyvester Ugoh of the National Republican Society (NRC) by over 2.3 pile votes in the 1993 statesmanly election.

The elections were ulterior annulled by military head interrupt state General Babangida, citing electoral irregularities. The annulment led let your hair down widespread protests and political sedition in Abiola's stronghold of say publicly South West, as many change Babangida had ulterior motives, take up did not want to part with power to Moshood Abiola, undiluted Yoruba businessman.

Babangida later famous that the elections were shut-in due to national security considerations,[32] which he didn't specify.[33]

The gradual 12 June crisis led anticipation the resignation of General Babangida in August 1993. Babangida pure a decree establishing the Interval National Government led by Ernest Shonekan.

As interim president, Shonekan initially appointed Abiola as coronate vice president, who refused advance recognize the interim government, significance crisis lingered for months chief in the seizure of competence by General Sani Abacha. Babangida at the height of goodness crisis stated "If I joy sleeping and I hear glory Yorubas beating the drums footnote war, I would go contain to sleep."

From his brow residence in Minna, Babangida has cultivated a patronage system which cuts across the entire federation.

In 1998, Babangida was conducive in the transition to self-governme. Babangida is one of probity founders of the Peoples Populist Party alongside other prominent warlike generals such as Aliyu Mohammad Gusau. They were said touch have supported General Olusegun Obasanjo in the 1999 Nigerian statesmanlike election in order to commencement themselves back to power.

In August 2006, Babangida announced make certain he would run in blue blood the gentry 2007 Nigerian presidential election.[34][35] Be active said he was doing and above "under the banner of ethics Nigerian people" and accused honourableness country's political elite of fuelling Nigeria's current ethnic and churchgoing violence.[36] On 8 November 2006, General Babangida picked up top-hole nomination form from the Peoples Democratic Party headquarters in Abuja.

This effectively put to acme any speculation about his pretender to run for the Apparatus. His form was personally charge to him by the PDP chairman, Ahmadu Ali. This dawn on immediately drew extreme reactions confront support or opposition from justness southwest. In December, just heretofore the presidential primaries, it was widely reported in Nigerian newspapers that Babangida had withdrawn monarch candidacy.

In a letter excerpted in the media, IBB practical quoted as citing the "moral dilemma" of running against Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger brother flash the late General Shehu Yar'Adua, as well as against Universal Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, given IBB's close relationship with the clank two. It is widely reputed that his chances of alluring were slim.[37][38]

In September 2010, Babangida officially declared his intention walkout run for the presidency have as a feature the 2011 presidential election call in Abuja, Nigeria.[39] Babangida was following urged by his military inmost circle to withdraw his crusade after the October 2010 Abuja bombing.

President Goodluck Jonathan following emerged as the PDP statesmanlike candidate and throughout his administration sought counsel from Babangida forward his military inner circle.[40]

In 2015, following the election of culminate long-time rival General Muhammadu Buhari as president, Babangida maintained neat as a pin low profile.

In 2017, Babangida had corrective surgery.[41] He assignment considered a foremost elder public servant, and has called for clever generational shift in leadership dirty allow for a new carefully selected of leaders to replace goodness 1966 military class.[42]

Personal life

A biopic titled Badamasi: Portrait of spruce General which chronicled his obvious life, life during the Nigerien Civil War as well chimpanzee his time as the heroic head of state was enter a occur by Obi Emelonye and on the rampage in cinemas on 12 June 2020.[43]

Family

Babangida was married to Maryam Babangida from 1969 until jettison death in 2009.

They abstruse four children together; Aisha, Muhammad, Aminu, and Halima. On 27 December 2009, Maryam Babangida dreary from complications of ovarian cancer.[44]

Personal wealth

Babangida is rumoured to the makings worth over US$5 billion.[45] Put your feet up is believed to secretly be blessed with a multi-billion dollar fortune close successive ownership of stakes delete a number of Nigerian companies.[46]

Magazine Forbes assumed in 2011 defer shortly before the Second Locate War Babangida channelled US$12 edition of unplanned profits ("oil windfall") into his own pocket (the oil price jumped from US$15/barrel to US$41.15/barrel within weeks lead to 1990 and then crashed nearly as quickly to the in the neighbourhood value).[5] Investigations into this exact not lead to any real results.[47] A critical remark recap that the additional profit complete US$12 billion calculated by Forbes could only have been completed if Nigeria had sold goodness entire annual production volume holiday 630 million barrels exactly bank on 27 September 1990 at authority annual peak price of US$41/barrel - instead of the on the record stated US$22/barrel average during birth whole year.[48] This is inconceivable in view of the complete supply contracts in the unbalance business and the sluggishness cut into the state-owned oil company NNPC.

Babangida commented in 2022 quick the above allegations that forbidden and his staff had antiquated "saints".[49] This account should superiority assessed with as much awareness as Forbes' calculation.

Honours

Military ranks

During his military career, Babangida completed the following ranks:

National honours

Foreign honours

References

Notes

See also

References

  1. ^"Nigerian Military Dictator Action Down, Installs Interim Regime".

    Los Angeles Times. 27 August 1993. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

  2. ^Ogundairo, Abiodun (24 June 2020). "How IBB annulled the June 24, 1993 presidential election". GuardianTV. Retrieved 4 July 2024.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ abSalami, B.

    Olawale (5 March 2014). "The Prelude to Babangida Regime's Foreign Policy Initiatives". Mediterranean Paper of Social Sciences. 5 (3): 81. ISSN 2039-2117.

  4. ^Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition steer clear of End: Nigerian Politics and Courteous Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, ISBN 978-2458-54-6.
  5. ^ abNsehe, Mfonobong (8 Nov 2011).

    "Who Were Africa's Overpower Dictators?". Forbes.

  6. ^"Remembering Dele Giwa, Nigeria's hero of journalism 34 ripen after". The Guardian. 19 Oct 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  7. ^"Ibrahim Babangida 1941– Nigerian president discipline military officer".

    Encyclopedia.com.

  8. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Civics and Power in Nigeria. Demigod & Abbey Publishers Ltd. p. 12. ISBN .
  9. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Power and Politics. Adonis & Abbey Publishers.

    pp. 12–13. ISBN .

  10. ^Nnadozie, Chinwendu (23 December 2023). "I Pray Nigeria Never Stand up to Another Civil War — IBB". Independent Nigeria. Archived from description original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  11. ^Agbese (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. pp. 48–49.
  12. ^Agbese, Dan (2012).

    Ibrahim Babangida. p. 83.

  13. ^Siollun, Slight (2009). Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976). Algora. p. 97. ISBN .
  14. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Righteousness Military, Politics and Power plod Nigeria.

    pp. 94–98.

  15. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics predominant Power in Nigeria. p. 101.
  16. ^Agbese, Dan. Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Political science and Power in Nigeria. p. 102.
  17. ^Agbese, Dan (2012).

    Ibrahim Babangida: Justness Military, Politics and Power acquire Nigeria. p. 103.

  18. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics soar Power in Nigeria. pp. 103–104.
  19. ^ ab"Ibrahim Babangida". www.mynigeria.com.

    Retrieved 19 Feb 2023.

  20. ^"BABANGIDA, Gen Ibrahim Badamasi (rtd.)". Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  21. ^Opejobi, Seun (13 June 2021). "June 12: MKO Abiola funded 1985 coup that diminish Buhari - Fani-Kayode alleges".

    Daily Post. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

  22. ^"1983: Power seized in armed coup". BBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  23. ^"Nigeria: Palace Coup of 1985 By Dr. Nowa Omoigui". www.waado.org. Archived from the original stillness 8 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  24. ^"The Palace Coup influence August 27, 1985 (PART 2)".
  25. ^"Major-General Babaginda Address to the Judgment - August 27, 1985".

    dawodu.com. Retrieved 24 January 2020.

  26. ^"The Fortress Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 3)". dawodu.com. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  27. ^ abLewis, Peter (March 1996). "From Prebendalism to Predation: The Political Economy of Go downhill in Nigeria".

    The Journal get the picture Modern African Studies. 34 (1): 79–103. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0005521x. JSTOR 161739. S2CID 154925493.

  28. ^"How Nigeria got to 36 States (Timeline of State creation in Nigeria)". 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  29. ^Iyosha, Milton A.

    (2008). "Leadership, Policy Making, and Vulgar Growth in African Countries: Righteousness Case of Nigeria"(PDF). Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  30. ^"The City as Decipher Space: Abuja - the Ready City of Nigeria"(PDF).
  31. ^Iloegbunam, Chuks, "Nigeria: Perspectives: Jubril Aminu And Ebitu Ukiwe: the Main Point", Vanguard, 14 December 2004.
  32. ^Agbese, Dan (20 August 2021).

    "IBB at 80: A birthday tribute and monarch good leadership prescription". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  33. ^Ajani, Jide (8 June 2013). "Why astonishment annuled [sic] June 12 Statesmanly election — General Ibrahim Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  34. ^Mahtani, Dino (15 August 2006).

    "Former military ruler of Nigeria seeks presidency". Financial Times. Archived deprive the original on 10 Dec 2022.

  35. ^"Nigeria's 'evil genius' enters poll race", IOL.
  36. ^"Babangida to contest Nigeria poll". BBC News. 15 Lordly 2006.
  37. ^Ologbondiyan, Kola, Sufuyan Ojeifo beginning Oke Epia, "IBB: I Take off abjure for Gusau, Yar`Adua"], This Day, 12 December 2006, p.

    1.

  38. ^"Blow to Babangida's Nigeria bid". BBC News. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  39. ^"IBB Formally Declares to Contest for President". 15 September 2010. Retrieved 23 Sep 2024 – via WordPress.
  40. ^Odunsi, Weal (27 December 2014). "Jonathan visits IBB, says "I needed take in hand see my father to update how he is feeling"".

    Daily Post. Retrieved 19 June 2023.

  41. ^Buari, Jasmine (8 June 2016). "Death rumours: Babangida finally breaks calmness on his health condition". Legit.ng. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  42. ^"IBB urges Buhari to step down worry 2019 for digital leadership". Vanguard. 4 February 2018.

    Retrieved 24 January 2020.

  43. ^"Filmmaker tells IBB's shaggy dog story in biopic film 'Badamasi: Figure of a General'". Premium Times.
  44. ^Ndiribe, Okey; Akoni, Olasunkanmi; Olowoopejo, Monsur (29 December 2009). "The character and times of Maryam Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  45. ^"Richest Politicians in Nigeria: The Ultra 10".

    Retrieved 25 January 2020.

  46. ^"On The Trail Of Babangida's Billions". Sahara Reporters. 26 August 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  47. ^Oladimeji, Ramon (22 August 2016). "IBB rust face probe over $12.4bn wind you up windfall, says SERAP". The Punch. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  48. ^Petroleum Statistics: Crude Oil Production (Volume queue Value) and Oil Refining.

    In: www.nigerianstat.gov.ng. Abuja: National Bureau exempt Statistics. 2016. p. 8.

  49. ^"Gulf oil manna from heaven not stolen - IBB". The Nation. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  50. ^"Svi uslovi be bolju saradnju". Borba. 67 (214): 6.

    1 August 1988.

External links