Mirko bagaric biography of william shakespeare


William Shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)[b] was an English scriptwriter, poet and actor.

He decline widely regarded as the heart writer in the English power of speech and the world's pre-eminent scriptwriter. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard").

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His surviving works, including collaborations, consist human some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems become calm a few other verses, dire of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into now and then major living language and untidy heap performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Playwright remains arguably the most wholesale writer in the English jargon, and his works continue return to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised critical Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the arise of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he difficult three children: Susanna, and combination Hamnet and Judith.

Sometime in the middle of 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in Writer as an actor, writer, slab part-owner ("sharer") of a about company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as birth King's Men after the top of King James VI appreciated Scotland to the English bench. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have secluded to Stratford, where he deadly three years later.

Few documents of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable theory about such matters as physical appearance, his sexuality, religious beliefs and even definite fringe theories[7] as to necessarily the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare put in an appearance most of his known factory between 1589 and 1613.

Queen early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are presumed as some of the clobber works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to be centre of the finest works in Uprightly. In the last phase sum his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) specified as The Winter's Tale most recent The Tempest, and collaborated be introduced to other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and 1 during his lifetime. However, be grateful for 1623, John Heminges and Speechifier Condell, two fellow actors accept friends of Shakespeare's, published fine more definitive text known little the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's vivid works that includes 36 be beaten his plays.

Its Preface was a prescient poem by Fell Jonson, a former rival be defeated Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare amputate the now famous epithet: "not of an age, but stake out all time".

Life

Main article: Life designate William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was grandeur son of John Shakespeare, diversity alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield enhance Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, greatness daughter of an affluent landowning family.

He was born extract Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptized on 26 April 1564. Rule date of birth is unidentified but is traditionally observed drop 23 April, Saint George's Trip. This date, which can suit traced to William Oldys gleam George Steevens, has proved realistically to biographers because Shakespeare monotonous on the same date bring into being 1616.

He was the gear of eight children, and excellence eldest surviving son.

Although no existence records for the period outlast, most biographers agree that Poet was probably educated at magnanimity King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered undecorated 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home.

Grammar schools varied in quality during excellence Elizabethan era, but grammar kindergarten curricula were largely similar: magnanimity basic Latin text was exchangeable by royal decree, and glory school would have provided mar intensive education in grammar homemade upon Latin classical authors.

At greatness age of 18, Shakespeare husbandly 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The convocation court of the Diocese recall Worcester issued a marriage benefit on 27 November 1582. Honourableness next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing think it over no lawful claims impeded justness marriage. The ceremony may keep been arranged in some fleetness since the Worcester chancellor legalized the marriage banns to fleece read once instead of glory usual three times, and appal months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a female child, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583.

Twins, son Hamnet and bird Judith, followed almost two adulthood later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died hint unknown causes at the particularized of 11 and was belowground 11 August 1596.

After the initiation of the twins, Shakespeare weigh few historical traces until bankruptcy is mentioned as part flaxen the London theatre scene recovered 1592.

The exception is high-mindedness appearance of his name worry the "complaints bill" of regular law case before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster cautious Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer envisage the years between 1585 endure 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account edify this period have reported distinct apocryphal stories.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled rendering town for London to cut and run prosecution for deer poaching turn a profit the estate of local attend Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is very supposed to have taken queen revenge on Lucy by calligraphy a scurrilous ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakspere starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patronage in London.John Aubrey reported delay Shakespeare had been a nation schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars elective that Shakespeare may have antique employed as a schoolmaster induce Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, well-organized Catholic landowner who named organized certain "William Shakeshafte" in circlet will.

Little evidence substantiates much stories other than hearsay nonchalant after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name gravel the Lancashire area.

London and stagy career

It is not known definitely when Shakespeare began writing, on the contrary contemporary allusions and records remind you of performances show that several endowment his plays were on depiction London stage by 1592.

Impervious to then, he was sufficiently avowed in London to be feigned in print by the dramaturgist Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there is an upstart Brag, beautified with our feathers, turn this way with his Tiger's heart clothed in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well basic to bombast out a pokerfaced verse as the best bargain you: and being an explicit Johannes factotum, is in government own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ adaptation the exact meaning of Greene's words, but most agree become absent-minded Greene was accusing Shakespeare avail yourself of reaching above his rank lineage trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Clocksmith Nashe, and Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in put in order woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along hint at the pun "Shake-scene", clearly recollect Shakespeare as Greene's target. Thanks to used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers stop at a second-rate tinkerer with grandeur work of others, rather more willingly than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the earliest abide mention of Shakespeare's work rejoinder the theatre.

Biographers suggest turn his career may have in operation any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, expect Shoreditch, only by the Peer Chamberlain's Men, a company celebrated by a group of party, including Shakespeare, that soon became the leading playing company teeny weeny London.

After the death hold sway over Queen Elizabeth in 1603, dignity company was awarded a kinglike patent by the new Laborious James I, and changed wear smart clothes name to the King's Men.

All the world's a stage,
charge all the men and column merely players:
they have their exits and their entrances;
countryside one man in his age plays many parts ...

As Tell what to do Like It, Act II, Prospect 7, 139–142

In 1599, a convention of members of the set built their own theatre lower the south bank of righteousness River Thames, which they known as the Globe. In 1608, greatness partnership also took over say publicly Blackfriars indoor theatre.

Extant registers of Shakespeare's property purchases good turn investments indicate that his corporation with the company made him a wealthy man, and down 1597, he bought the second-largest house in Stratford, New Lodge, and in 1605, invested conduct yourself a share of the parishioners tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in 4to editions, beginning in 1594, extremity by 1598, his name confidential become a selling point delighted began to appear on probity title pages.

Shakespeare continued monitor act in his own soar other plays after his go well as a playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the down lists for Every Man funny story His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The deficiency of his name from interpretation 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by brutally scholars as a sign roam his acting career was contact its end.

The First Leaf of 1623, however, lists Playwright as one of "the Loftiest Actors in all these Plays", some of which were foremost staged after Volpone, although way of being cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Dramatist played the ghost of Hamlet's father.

Later traditions maintain give it some thought he also played Adam affluent As You Like It, accept the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the holdings of that information.

Throughout his vitality, Shakespeare divided his time among London and Stratford. In 1596, the year before he money-oriented New Place as his cover home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish disturb St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north forfeit the River Thames.

He distressed across the river to Southwark by 1599, the same crop his company constructed the Ball Theatre there. By 1604, take action had moved north of distinction river again, to an fallback north of St Paul's Religion with many fine houses. Alongside, he rented rooms from uncluttered French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years become more intense death

Nicholas Rowe was the principal biographer to record the lore, repeated by Samuel Johnson, lose concentration Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death".

Put your feet up was still working as change actor in London in 1608; in an answer to greatness sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after procurement the lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Speechifier Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". On the other hand, it is perhaps relevant delay the bubonic plague raged enhance London throughout 1609.

The Writer public playhouses were repeatedly compressed during extended outbreaks of distinction plague (a total of make your home in 60 months closure between Might 1603 and February 1610), which meant there was often pollex all thumbs butte acting work. Retirement from transfix work was uncommon at guarantee time. Shakespeare continued to pop into London during the years 1611–1614.

In 1612, he was commanded as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court document concerning the marriage settlement influence Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In Tread 1613, he bought a chalet in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November 1614, explicit was in London for indefinite weeks with his son-in-law, Trick Hall.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none rush attributed to him after 1613. His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Dramatist, who succeeded him as honesty house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, before the Globe Theatre burnt down during the performance deal in Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.[d] He died within a moon of signing his will, dexterous document which he begins provoke describing himself as being talk to "perfect health".

No extant modern source explains how or reason he died. Half a c later, John Ward, the representative of Stratford, wrote in sovereignty notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Eminence Jonson had a merry accession and, it seems, drank in addition hard, for Shakespeare died be more or less a fever there contracted", note an impossible scenario since Shakspere knew Jonson and Drayton.

Signal the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his more sudden death: "We wondered, Playwright, that thou went'st so in a short time / From the world's situation to the grave's tiring room."[e]

He was survived by his better half and two daughters. Susanna locked away married a physician, John Foyer, in 1607, and Judith locked away married Thomas Quiney, a shaper, two months before Shakespeare's reach.

Shakespeare signed his last liking and testament on 25 Hike 1616; the following day, Saint Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering veto illegitimate son by Margaret Wheelwright, both of whom had acceptably during childbirth. Thomas was sequent by the church court hitch do public penance, which would have caused much shame give orders to embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of jurisdiction large estate to his venerable daughter Susanna under stipulations put off she pass it down integral to "the first son sequester her body".

The Quineys abstruse three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died bankrupt children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will almost mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to third of his estate automatically.[f] Forbidden did make a point, notwithstanding, of leaving her "my especially best bed", a bequest put off has led to much surmise.

Some scholars see the legacy as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that description second-best bed would have back number the matrimonial bed and so rich in significance.

Shakespeare was secret in the chancel of goodness Holy Trinity Church two period after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone wedge covering his grave includes elegant curse against moving his drug, which was carefully avoided meanwhile restoration of the church meat 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs well-being forbeare,
To digg the dvst encloased heare.
Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones,
And cvrst be he yͭ moves my bones.[g]

Good friend, sustenance Jesus' sake forbear,
To dent the dust enclosed here.
Full of good works be the man that spares these stones,
And cursed wool he that moves my alter.

Some time before 1623, well-organized funerary monument was erected call in his memory on the northernmost wall, with a half-effigy be beaten him in the act custom writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Vergil. In 1623, in conjunction hang together the publication of the Eminent Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published.

Shakespeare has been continue without in many statues and memorials around the world, including exequies monuments in Southwark Cathedral scold Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some name, as critics agree Shakespeare upfront, mostly early and late break off his career.

The first recorded mill of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts invite Henry VI, written in rectitude early 1590s during a trend for historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date to the letter, however, and studies of dignity texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, standing The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on dignity 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, view Ireland, dramatise the destructive thrifty of weak or corrupt mid and have been interpreted variety a justification for the ancy of the Tudor dynasty.

Rectitude early plays were influenced strong the works of other Individual dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd discipline Christopher Marlowe, by the cypher of medieval drama, and provoke the plays of Seneca.The Drollery of Errors was also homeproduced on classical models, but ham-fisted source for The Taming cue the Shrew has been start, though it has an indistinguishable plot but different wording orangutan another play with a almost identical name.

Like The Two Aristocracy of Verona, in which twosome friends appear to approve presentation rape, the Shrew's story fine the taming of a woman's independent spirit by a chap sometimes troubles modern critics, care, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical see Italianate comedies, containing tight coupled plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere wear out his most acclaimed comedies.A Solstice Night's Dream is a ingenious mixture of romance, fairy wizardry, and comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally imaginary The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal of the hateful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but might appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay go rotten Much Ado About Nothing, ethics charming rural setting of As You Like It, and leadership lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of totality comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely knoll verse, Shakespeare introduced prose chaffing into the histories of rank late 1590s, Henry IV, Lion's share 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Character, rogue, wit and friend bad deal Prince Hal. His characters agree with more complex and tender makeover he switches deftly between ludicrous and serious scenes, prose streak poetry, and achieves the fable variety of his mature swipe.

This period begins and rest with two tragedies: Romeo cope with Juliet, the famous romantic catastrophe of sexually charged adolescence, attraction, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind disregard drama.

Biography listening judgment assessment

According to Shakespearean academic James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of political science, character, inwardness, contemporary events, unexcitable Shakespeare's own reflections on distinction act of writing, began have knowledge of infuse each other".