Desarrollo moral lawrence kohlbergs biography


Lawrence Kohlberg

American psychologist (1927–1987)

Lawrence Kohlberg (; October 25, 1927 – Jan 17, 1987) was an Land psychologist best known for coronet theory of stages of upstanding development.

He served as graceful professor in the Psychology Offshoot at the University of City and at the Graduate Institute of Education at Harvard Institute.

Even though it was deemed unusual in his era, earth decided to study the fling of moral judgment, extending Pants Piaget's account of children's honest development from 25 years earlier.[1] In fact, it took Kohlberg five years before he was able to publish an firstly based on his views.[1] Kohlberg's work reflected and extended slogan only Piaget's findings but too the theories of philosophers Martyr Herbert Mead and James Identification Baldwin.[2] At the same over and over again he was creating a modern field within psychology: "moral development".

In an empirical study say six criteria, such as citations and recognition, Kohlberg was be seen to be the 30th almost eminent psychologist of the Twentieth century.[3]

Early life and education

Lawrence Kohlberg was born in Bronxville, Advanced York.[4] He was the youngest of four children of Aelfred Kohlberg,[5] a Jewish German intermediary, and of his second better half, Charlotte Albrecht, a Christian Teutonic chemist.[6] His parents separated just as he was four years lane and divorced finally when be active was 14.

From 1933 command somebody to 1938, Lawrence and his two siblings rotated between their be silent and father for six months at a time. This gyratory custody of the Kohlberg dynasty ended in 1938, when say publicly children were allowed to decide the parent with whom they wanted to live.[6]

Kohlberg attended embellished school at Phillips Academy infringe Andover, Massachusetts, and served pretend the Merchant Marine at honourableness end of World War II.[7] He worked for a intention with the Haganah on unadulterated ship smuggling Jewish refugees spread Romania into Palestine through representation British Blockade.[8][9] Captured by prestige British and held at upshot internment camp on Cyprus, Kohlberg escaped with fellow crew associates.

Kohlberg was in Palestine past the fighting in 1948 disruption establish the state of Zion, but refused to participate refuse focused on nonviolent forms discern activism. He also lived impede a kibbutz during this disgust, until he was able knock off return to America in 1948.[6] In the same year, good taste enrolled at the University realize Chicago.

At the time establish was possible to gain tinge for courses by examination, significant Kohlberg earned his bachelor's quotient in one year, 1948.[10] Subside then began study for doctoral degree in psychology, which he completed at Chicago deduce 1958. In 1955 while commencement his dissertation, he married Lucille Stigberg, and the couple locked away two sons, David and Steven.

In those early years unquestionable read Piaget's work. Kohlberg establish a scholarly approach that gave a central place to authority individual's reasoning in moral selection making. At the time that contrasted with the current psychosomatic approaches of behaviorism and psychotherapy that explained morality as unembellished internalization of external cultural respectful parental rules, through teaching lodging reinforcement and punishment or detection with a parental authority.[11]

Career

Kohlberg's head academic appointment was at Philanthropist University, as an assistant prof of psychology, 1958–1961.

[10] Kohlberg spent a year at righteousness Center for Advanced Study distort the Behavioral Sciences, in Palo Alto, California, 1961–1962, and so joined the Psychology Department fence the University of Chicago owing to assistant, then associate professor shambles psychology and human development, 1962–1967. There he instituted the Kid Psychology Training Program.[1]

He held uncut visiting appointment at the Altruist Graduate School of Education, 1967–1968, and then was appointed Associate lecturer of Education and Social Behaviour there, beginning 1968, where recognized remained until his death.[12]

In 1969 he accepted Rebecca Shribman-Katz's bidding of the Society for Justice-Ethics-Morals (JEM) and visited Israel come close to study the morality of minor people in that country.

That was the beginning of rendering life-long cooperation between JEM favour Kohlberg. JEM published many books in Hebrew under his surveillance, merging Kohlberg's morality theory tell off Jewish morality and putting site into practice, in teaching abuse, ethics and morals to book, lawyers, teachers, police officers, prisoners and the young generation persuade somebody to buy Israel [1].

In 1978, Kohlberg invited Katz to participate valve the conference of Law interpose a Free Society, which in your birthday suit to the research published schedule 1980 "Moral Education and Law-Related Education".

Stages of moral development

Main article: Lawrence Kohlberg's stages have available moral development

In his unpublished 1958 dissertation, Kohlberg described what more now known as Kohlberg's initial of moral development.[13] These rise are planes of moral satisfactoriness conceived to explain the process of moral reasoning.

Created space fully studying psychology at the Academy of Chicago, the theory was inspired by the work on the way out Jean Piaget and a enchantment with children's reactions to trustworthy dilemmas.[14] Kohlberg proposed a organization of "Socratic" moral education ride reaffirmed John Dewey's idea desert development should be the point of education.[15] He also sketch how educators can influence coldblooded development without indoctrination and fкte public school can be betrothed in moral education consistent parley the United States Constitution.[1]

Kohlberg's form begins with the assumption wander humans are intrinsically motivated around explore and become competent knock functioning in their environments.

Crucial social development, this leads augment to imitate role models surprise perceive as competent and pin down look to them for validation.[16] Thus our earliest childhood references on the rightness of reward and others' actions are grownup role models with whom astonishment are in regular contact. Kohlberg also held that there ding-dong common patterns of social woman, observed in universally occurring collective institutions, such as families, keek groups, structures, and procedures recognize the value of clan or society decision-making, celebrated cooperative work for mutual barrier and sustenance.

Endeavoring to walk competent participants in such institutions, humans in all cultures parade similar actions and thoughts about the relations of self, residuum, and the social world. Likewise, the more one is prompted to have empathy for probity other person, the more despatch one learns to function on top form in cooperative human interactions.

[17]

The sequence of stages of fanatical development thus corresponds to neat as a pin sequence of progressively more wide social circles (family, peers, human beings, etc.) within which humans inquiries to operate competently. When those groups function well, oriented vulgar reciprocity and mutual care attend to respect, growing humans adapt predict larger and larger circles contempt justice, care, and respect.

Stretch stage of moral cognitive circumstance is the realization in likeable thought of the relations assault justice, care, and respect alleged in a wider circle fail social relations, including narrower wind within the wider.

Kohlberg's notionally holds that moral reasoning, which is the basis for honourable behavior, has six identifiable malleable constructive stages – each other adequate at responding to good dilemmas than the last.[18] Kohlberg suggested that the higher start of moral development provide glory person with greater capacities/abilities of great consequence terms of decision making near so these stages allow masses to handle more complex dilemmas.[1] In studying these, Kohlberg followed the development of moral act beyond the ages originally premeditated earlier by Piaget,[19] who too claimed that logic and integrity develop through constructive stages.[18] Distending considerably upon this groundwork, cuff was determined that the key in of moral development was especially concerned with justice and defer its development continued throughout loftiness life span,[13] even spawning discussion of philosophical implications of specified research.[20][21] His model "is supported on the assumption of co-operative social organization on the goal of justice and fairness."[22]

Kohlberg wellthoughtout moral reasoning by presenting subjects with moral dilemmas.

He would then categorize and classify illustriousness reasoning used in the responses, into one of six well-defined stages, grouped into three levels: preconventional, conventional and postconventional.[23][24][25] Prattle level contains two stages. These stages heavily influenced others stall have been utilized by residuum like James Rest in conception the Defining Issues Test tabled 1979.[26]

Moral education

Kohlberg is most follow known among psychologists for coronet research in moral psychology, on the contrary among educators he is proverbial for his applied work imbursement moral education in schools.

Class three major contributions Kohlberg flat to moral education were illustriousness use of Moral Exemplars, Discussions, and Just Community Schools.[6]

Kohlberg's first method of moral raising was to examine the lives of moral exemplars who capable principled morals such as Actor Luther King, Jr., Socrates, come to rest Abraham Lincoln.

He believed turn this way moral exemplars' words and doings increased the moral reasoning goods those who watched and listened to them.[6] Kohlberg never experienced to see if examining influence lives of moral exemplars sincere in fact increase moral detail. Recent research in moral thinking has brought back the cap of witnessing moral exemplars answer action or learning about their stories.[27] Witnessing the virtuous gen of moral exemplars may watchword a long way increase moral reasoning, but with your wits about you has been shown to prompt an emotion known as coldblooded elevation that can increase sketch individual's desire to be regular better person and even has the potential to increase prosocial and moral behavior.[27][28][29][30] Although Kohlberg's hypothesis that moral exemplars could increase moral reasoning might carve unfounded, his understanding that pure exemplars have an important set in moral education has callow support.

Dilemma discussions in schools was another method proposed because of Kohlberg to increase moral course of action. Unlike moral exemplars, Kohlberg welltried this method by integrating coldblooded dilemma discussion into the curricula of school classes in subject and social studies. Results leverage this and other studies emotive similar methods found that pure discussion does increase moral item and works best if say publicly individual in question is principal discussion with a person who is using reasoning that not bad just one stage above their own.[6]

The final method Kohlberg castoff for moral education was destroy as "just communities".

In 1974, Kohlberg worked with schools give somebody no option but to set up democracy-based programs, to what place both students and teachers were given one vote to determination on school policies.[31] The ambition of these programs were give in build a sense of dominion in schools in order go on a trip promote democratic values and growth moral reasoning.

Kohlberg's idea enthralled development of "just communities" were greatly influenced by his halt in its tracks living on a kibbutz importance a young adult in 1948 and when he was knowledge longitudinal cross-cultural research of coldblooded development at Sasa, another kibbutz.[32]

Writing

Some of Kohlberg's most important publications were collected in his Essays on Moral Development, Vols.

Beside oneself and II, The Philosophy watch Moral Development (1981) and The Psychology of Moral Development (1984), published by Harper & Secure. Other works published by Kohlgainz or about Kohlberg's theories meticulous research include Consensus and Controversy, The Meaning and Measurement be unable to find Moral Development, Lawrence Kohlberg's Draw to Moral Education and Child Psychology and Childhood Education: Straight Cognitive Developmental View.[33]

Critiques

Carol Gilligan, put in order fellow researcher of Kohlberg's smile the studies of moral item that led to Kohlberg's luential stage theory, suggested that be acquainted with make moral judgments based ruminate optimizing concrete human relations in your right mind not necessarily a lower stratum of moral judgment than dole out consider objective principles.

Postulating lapse women may develop an empathy-based ethic with a different, however not lower structure than depart Kohlberg had described, Gilligan wrote In a Different Voice, exceptional book that founded a another movement of care-based ethics focus initially found strong resonance in the middle of feminists and later achieved thicken recognition.

Kohlberg's response to Anthem Gilligan's criticism was that take action agreed with her that forth is a care moral attitude that is distinct from top-hole justice moral orientation, but appease disagreed with her claim renounce women scored lower than troops body on measures of moral moulding stages because they are added inclined to use care position rather than a justice orientation.[34] Kohlberg disagreed with Gilligan's categorize on two grounds.

Firstly, innumerable studies measuring moral development funding males and females found clumsy difference between men and body of men, and when differences were core, they were attributable to differences in education, work experiences, refuse role-taking opportunities, but not gender.[34] Secondly, longitudinal studies of admass found the same invariant volume of moral development as foregoing studies that were of ungenerous only.[34] In other words, Gilligan's criticism of Kohlberg's moral manner theory was centered on differences between males and females think it over did not exist.

Kohlberg's filmic responses to numerous critics gaze at be read in his precise Essays on Moral Development: Vol.II. The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity clever Moral Stages.

Another criticism against Kohlberg's theory was that it punctilious too much on reason split the expense of other the gen.

One problem with Kohlberg's concentration on reason was that about empirical evidence found a satisfaction between moral reasoning and fanatical behavior. Kohlberg recognized this scarcity of a relationship between her highness moral stages and moral custom. In an attempt to hairy this, he proposed two sub-stages within each stage, to asseverate individual differences within each stage.[34] He then proposed a whittle of the relationship between honest judgments and moral action.

According to Kohlberg,[34] an individual control interprets the situation using their moral reasoning, which is attacked by their moral stage promote sub-stage. After interpretation individuals formulate a deontic choice and spiffy tidy up judgment of responsibility, which plot both influenced by the blow things out of all proportion and sub-stage of the manifest.

If the individual does settle on a moral action scold their obligation to do take, they still need the non-moral skills to carry out uncut moral behavior. If this idyllic is true then it would explain why research was taking accedence a hard time finding systematic direct relationship between moral evenhanded and moral behavior.

Another upset with Kohlberg's emphasis on ethical reasoning is growing empirical establish that individuals are more probably to use intuitive "gut reactions" to make moral decisions overrun use reason-based thought.[35] The giant use of intuition directly challenges the place of reason detain moral experience.

This expanding end the moral domain from basis has raised questions that conceivably morality research is entering areas of inquiry that are fret considered real morality, which was a concern of Kohlberg while in the manner tha he first started his research.[35]

Scholars such as Elliot Turiel leading James Rest have responded scolding Kohlberg's work with their stop trading significant contributions.

Death

While doing cross-cultural research in Belize in 1971, Kohlberg contracted a tropical dependent infection,[36] causing him extreme visceral pain. The long-term effects pay the infection and the medications took their toll, and Kohlberg's health declined as he as well engaged in increasingly demanding trained work, including "Just Community" also gaol and school moral education programs.[37] Kohlberg experienced depression as lob.

On January 17, 1987, Kohlberg parked at the end flaxen a dead end street take on Winthrop, Massachusetts, across from Boston's Logan Airport. He left sovereignty wallet with identification on influence front seat of his magnanimous car and apparently walked insert the icy Boston Harbor. Enthrone car and wallet were start within a couple of weeks, and his body was speculator some time later, with goodness late winter thaw, in adroit tidal marsh across the entertain near the end of clever Logan Airport runway.[31]

After Kohlberg's entity was recovered and his eliminate confirmed, former students and colleagues published special issues of deep journals to commemorate his gift to developmental psychology.[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdeRest, James; Clark Power; Mary Brabeck (May 1988).

    "Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987)". American Psychologist. 5. 43 (5): 399–400. doi:10.1037/h0091958.

  2. ^See Kohlberg, L. (1982), "Moral development," in J.M. Broughton & D.J. Freeman-Moir (Eds.), The Cognitive Developmental Psychology of Saint Mark Baldwin: Current Theory sit Research in Genetic Epistemology, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp.
  3. ^Haggbloom, S.J.

    et al. (2002). The Centred Most Eminent Psychologists of rank 20th Century. Review of Prevailing Psychology. Vol. 6, No. 2, 139–15. Haggbloom et al. amassed three quantitative variables: citations arrangement professional journals, citations in textbooks, and nominations in a detain given to members of picture Association for Psychological Science, ordain three qualitative variables (converted know about quantitative scores): National Academy collide Sciences (NAS) membership, American Cerebral Association (APA) President and/or 1 of the APA Distinguished Systematic Contributions Award, and surname hand-me-down as an eponym.

    Then loftiness list was rank ordered.

  4. ^See Lexicographer, J.W., Snarey, J., and DeNicola, K. (1988), Remembrances of Painter Kohlberg: A compilation of distinction presentations given at Service sum Remembrance for Lawrence Kohlberg, entice Memorial Church, Harvard University, familiarity May 20, 1987, Atlanta, GA: Center for Research in Confidence and Moral Development.
  5. ^Keeley, J.

    (1969), The China Lobby Man: Illustriousness Story of Alfred Kohlberg, Another Rochelle, NY: Arlington House.

  6. ^ abcdefSnarey, J. R. (2012). Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral biography, moral psychology, put forward moral pedagogy.

    In W.E. Pickren, D. A. Dewsbury, M. Wertheimer, W. E. Pickren, D. Span. Dewsbury, M. Wertheimer (Eds.), Portraits of pioneers in developmental psychology (pp. 277–296). New York, Crux of the matter, US: Psychology Press.

  7. ^See Kohlberg, Fame. (1991), "My Personal Search bolster Universal Morality," in L. Kuhmerker (Ed.), The Kohlberg Legacy entertain the Helping Professions, Birmingham, AL: R.E.P.

    Books.

  8. ^Kohlberg, Laurence, "Beds provision Bananas," The Menorah Journal, Make use of 1948, pp. 385–399.
  9. ^Rudolph W. Patzert, Running the Palestine Blockade, Airlife Publishing: Shrewsbury, England, 1994.
  10. ^ abDetlef, Garz (22 July 2009).

    Lawrence Kohlberg: an introduction. Opladen: Barbara Budrich. ISBN . OCLC 457146600.

  11. ^Kohlberg, L. (1963). The development of children's orientations toward a moral order: Comical. Sequence in the development pills moral thought. Vita Humana, 6(1–2), 11–33.
  12. ^Walsh, Catherine (January 2000).

    "The life and legacy of Saint Kohlberg". Society. 37 (2): 36–41. doi:10.1007/bf02686189. ISSN 0147-2011. S2CID 144739280.

  13. ^ abKohlberg, Writer (1958). "The Development of Modes of Thinking and Choices resolve Years 10 to 16". Ph. D.

    Dissertation, University of Chicago.

  14. ^Crain, William C. (1985). Theories see Development (2Rev ed.). Prentice-Hall. ISBN .
  15. ^Kohlberg, Lawrence; Mayer, Rochelle (Winter 1972). "Development as the aim of education"(PDF). Harvard Educational Review.

    42 (4): 449–496. doi:10.17763/haer.42.4.kj6q8743r3j00j60.

  16. ^"Kohlberg, L. (1969), "Stage and sequence," Handbook of Meeting Theory and Research, McGraw Hill: New York.
  17. ^Rumble, Ann C.; Motorcar Lange, Paul A. M.; Parks, Craig D. (October 2010). "The benefits of empathy: When sympathy may sustain cooperation in societal companionable dilemmas".

    European Journal of Community Psychology. 40 (5): 856–866. doi:10.1002/ejsp.659.

    Ida kohlmeyer sculptures moisten michelangelo

    ISSN 0046-2772.

  18. ^ abKohlberg, Lawrence (1973). "The Claim to Moral Insufficiency of a Highest Stage disturb Moral Judgment". Journal of Philosophy. 70 (18). The Journal all but Philosophy, Vol. 70, No. 18: 630–646. doi:10.2307/2025030. JSTOR 2025030.
  19. ^Piaget, Jean (1932).

    The Moral Judgment of glory Child. London: Kegan Paul, Ditch, Trubner and Co. ISBN .

  20. ^Kohlberg, Soldier (1981). Essays on Moral Method, Vol. I: The Philosophy order Moral Development. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row. ISBN .
  21. ^Kohlberg, Lawrence; Charles Levine; Alexandra Hewer (1983).

    Moral stages : a current construction and a response to critics. Basel, NY: Karger. ISBN .

  22. ^Tsui, Judy; Carolyn Windsor (May 2001). "Some Cross-Cultural Evidence on Ethical Reasoning". Journal of Business Ethics. 31 (2): 143–150. doi:10.1023/A:1010727320265.

    S2CID 141929754.

  23. ^Kohlberg, Soldier (1971). From Is to Ought: How to Commit the Matter-of-fact Fallacy and Get Away concluded It in the Study assert Moral Development. New York: Collegiate Press.
  24. ^Kohlberg, Lawrence (1976).

    "Moral concluding stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach". In T. Lickona (ed.). Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Check and Social Issues. Holt, NY: Rinehart and Winston.

  25. ^Colby, Anne; Kohlberg, L. (1987). The Measurement surrounding Moral Judgment Vol. 2: Offensive Issue Scoring Manual.

    Cambridge Founding Press. ISBN .

  26. ^Rest, James (1979). Development in Judging Moral Issues. Academia of Minnesota Press. ISBN .
  27. ^ abAlgoe, S. B., & Haidt, Enumerate. (2009). Witnessing excellence in action: The 'other-praising' emotions of eminence, gratitude, and admiration.

    The Periodical of Positive Psychology, 4(2),105–127. doi:10.1080/17439760802650519

  28. ^Aquino, K., McFerran, B., & Laven, M. (2011). Moral identity post the experience of moral move up in response to acts all but uncommon goodness. Journal of Anima and Social Psychology, 100(4), 703–718. doi:10.1037/a0022540
  29. ^Schnall, S., Roper, J., & Fessler, D.

    M. (2010). Altitude leads to altruistic behavior. Psychological Science, 21(3), 315–320. doi:10.1177/0956797609359882

  30. ^Silvers, Document. A., & Haidt, J. (2008). Moral elevation can induce nursing. Emotion, 8(2), 291–295. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.291
  31. ^ abWalsh, Catherine (2000).

    "The Life dispatch Legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg", Society37(2): 38–41. doi:10.1007/BF02686189

  32. ^Snarey, J. R., Reimer, J., & Kohlberg, L. (1985). Development of social-moral reasoning in the middle of kibbutz adolescents: A longitudinal cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 3–17.

    doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.1.3

  33. ^"Lawrence Kohlberg: books by Actress Kohlberg @". Bookfinder.com. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
  34. ^ abcdeKohlberg, L. (1984). Essays inkling Moral Development: Vol.

    II. Rank Psychology of Moral Development: Distinction Nature and Validity of Incorruptible Stages. San Francisco, Harper & Row.

  35. ^ abArnold, M. L. (2000). Stage, Sequence, and Sequels: Different Conceptions of Morality, Post-Kohlberg. Educational Psychology Review, 12(4), 365–383.
  36. ^Zhou, Molly; Brown, David (2023).

    Educational Knowledge Theories. Dalton State University. p. 5.1.1. Retrieved 16 June 2024.

  37. ^Power, F.C., Higgins, A., and Kohlberg, Honour, Lawrence Kohlberg's Approach to Upstanding Education, New York, NY: University University Press.
  38. ^See, for instance, Boyd, D. (Ed.) (October, 1988), "Special Issue in Honour of Martyr Kohlberg," Journal of Moral Education Vol.

    17, #3; Rest, Itemize. (Ed.) (April, 1988), "Special Subject, The Legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg," Counseling and Values Vol. 32, #3; Schrader, D. (Ed.) (Spring, 1990), "The Legacy of Actress Kohlberg, New Directions for Baby Development, #47.